Recent advances in statistical approaches called phylogenetic
comparative methods (PCMs) have provided paleontologists with a
powerful set of analytical tools for investigating evolutionary
tempo and mode in fossil lineages. However, attempts to integrate
PCMs with fossil data often present workers with practical
challenges or unfamiliar literature. This Element presents guides
to the theory behind and the application of PCMs with fossil taxa.
Based on an empirical dataset of Paleozoic crinoids, example
analyses are presented to illustrate common applications of PCMs to
fossil data, including investigating patterns of correlated trait
evolution and macroevolutionary models of morphological change. The
authors emphasize the importance of accounting for sources of
uncertainty and discuss how to evaluate model fit and adequacy.
Finally, the authors discuss several promising methods for modeling
heterogeneous evolutionary dynamics with fossil phylogenies.
Integrating phylogeny-based approaches with the fossil record
provides a rigorous, quantitative perspective on understanding key
patterns in the history of life.
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