Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the retrograde flow of
urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. It is a common
urological entity among children and it is usually diagnosed in the
prenatal period or after episodes of febrile urinary tract
infection. Reflux can also be found in post-pubertal patients, but
it is less common in this population. Pyelonephritis is an upper
urinary tract infection involving the kidneys with an incidence in
the USA as high as 250.000 cases per year. Most episodes of
pyelonephritis are generally considered to be uncomplicated in
healthy non pregnant adults. Different risk factors have been
identified, such as diabetes, urinary tract obstruction, presence
of an indwelling urethral catheter, stent or nephrostomy,
functional or anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, renal
transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy and pregnancy. This book
discusses the causes, prevalence and treatment approaches of both
VUR and pylonephritis.
General
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