One of the most important techniques for determining the atomic
structure of a material is X-ray diffraction. One of the great
problems of the technique, however, is the fact that only the
intensity of the diffraction pattern can be measured, not its
phase. The inverse problem, of determining the structure from the
pattern thus contains ambiguities that must be resolved by other
means. Quantitative X-ray analysis provides one way to resolve this
phase problem: mixing the material in question with a material of
known structure yields interferences that can be analyzed to yield
the unknown phases. Invented in 1916, but little used at the time,
the technique has seen a recent revival due to the development of
extremely precise X-ray diffractometers coupled with powerful
computers.
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