This thesis presents research on novel X-ray imaging methods that
improve the study of specimens with small density differences,
revealing their inner structure and density distribution.
Exploiting the phase shift of X-rays in a material can
significantly increase the image contrast compared to conventional
absorption imaging. This thesis provides a practical guide to X-ray
phase-contrast imaging with a strong focus on X-ray speckle-based
imaging, the most recently developed phase-sensitive method. X-ray
speckle-based imaging only requires a piece of abrasive paper in
addition to the standard X-ray imaging setup. Its simplicity and
robustness combined with the compatibility with laboratory X-ray
sources, make it an ideal candidate for wide user uptake in a range
of fields. An in-depth overview of the state of the art of X-ray
speckle-based imaging and its latest developments is given in this
thesis. It, furthermore, explores a broad range of applications,
from X-ray optics characterisation, to biomedical imaging for 3D
virtual histology and geological studies of volcanic rocks,
demonstrating is promising potential. Moreover, the speckle-based
technique is placed in the context of other phase-sensitive X-ray
imaging methods to assist in the choice of a suitable method, hence
serving as a guide and reference work for future users.
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