In 1996, America abolished its long-standing welfare system in
favor of a new and largely untried public assistance program.
Welfare as we knew it arose in turn from a previous generation's
rejection of an even earlier system of aid. That generation
introduced welfare in order to eliminate orphanages.
This book examines the connection between the decline of the
orphanage and the rise of welfare. Matthew Crenson argues that the
prehistory of the welfare system was played out not on the stage of
national politics or class conflict but in the micropolitics of
institutional management. New arrangements for child welfare policy
emerged gradually as superintendents, visiting agents, and charity
officials responded to the difficulties that they encountered in
running orphanages or creating systems that served as alternatives
to institutional care.
Crenson also follows the decades-long debate about the relative
merits of family care or institutional care for dependent children.
Leaving poor children at home with their mothers emerged as the
most generally acceptable alternative to the orphanage, along with
an ambitious new conception of social reform. Instead of sheltering
vulnerable children in institutions designed to transform them into
virtuous citizens, the reformers of the Progressive era tried to
integrate poor children into the larger society, while protecting
them from its perils.
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