In 1958, facing court-ordered integration, Virginia governor J.
Lindsay Almond Jr. closed public schools in three cities, one of
the first instances of the "massive resistance" embraced by
conservative southern politicians in the wake of Brown v. Board of
Education. This action provoked not only the NAACP but also large
numbers of white middle-class Virginians who quickly organized to
protest the school closings. Confronted with the dilemma of
accepting desegregation or the ruination of public education, these
white moderates finally coalesced into a formidable political
coalition that defeated the massive resistance forces in 1959.
September 1998 marks the fortieth anniversary of the public
school closings. In The Moderates' Dilemma, Matthew D. Lassiter and
Andrew B. Lewis have compiled six essays that explore this
contentious period in Virginia history. The moderate revolt against
massive resistance helped to save public schools and reshaped the
political balance of power in the state, the editors argue, but it
also delayed substantial school desegregation, as moderate
Virginians became reconciled to the end of Jim Crow out of
self-interest rather than a deep commitment to the need for equal
education opportunity for all.
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