Cosmic radiation has been an active field of study at least since
the heroic balloon flights of Viktor F. Hess in the first decade of
this century. In the earliest days, cosmic ray physics meant a
study of the basic properties of electricity and magnetism. After,
it was particle physics before accelerators were built. Still
later, it became astrophysics -- studying the Galactic sources of
the lower energy cosmic rays the magnetic fields in the heliosphere
and the Galaxy, and the acceleration mechanisms in supernova
shocks. Today, cosmic-ray astrophysics touches on the nuclear
astrophysics of stars and supernova, particle physics at energies
above terrestrial accelerators, the cosmology of the microwave and
IR backgrounds, the Galactic physics of chemical evolution and
interstellar medium processes, and unexplored physics at extremely
high energies.
This book deals with charged cosmic rays, primarily nuclei, from
Galactic and extra-Galactic sources. The one exception is the paper
of Dwyer, which addresses particle acceleration in the Earth's bow
shock. This paper is important as it directly ties our observations
of shock acceleration in situ with the theoretical expectations of
shock acceleration of the cosmic rays elsewhere.
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