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Books > Humanities > Religion & beliefs > General > Philosophy of religion
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Between Universalism and Skepticism - Ethics as Social Artifact (Hardcover)
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Between Universalism and Skepticism - Ethics as Social Artifact (Hardcover)
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Philips defends a middle ground between the view that there is a
set of standards binding on rational beings as such (universalism)
and the view that differences in morals reduce ultimately to
matters of taste (skepticism). He begins with a sustained critique
of universalist moral theories and of certain familiar approaches
to concrete moral questions that presuppose them (most appeals to
intuitions, respect-for-persons moralities, and versions of
contractarianism and wide reflective equilibrium). He goes on to
criticize major recent attempts to develop nonuniversalist
alternatives to skepticism, arguing that they rely on excessively
abstract and philosophically indefensible preference satisfaction
theories of the good. According to Philips's positive alternative,
ethics as social artifact, moral codes are social instruments and
they are justified to the extent that they effectively do their
jobs, which is to promote reasonably valued ways of life.
Accordingly, he argues that different standards may be justified
for different societies, depending on their circumstances,
traditions, and current institutions. His account of a reasonably
valued way of life depends on a "falsifiability" approach to
reasonable values according to which existing values are treated as
reasonable unless good arguments can be made against them. He
describes many strategies for making such arguments, the upshot
being an approach to the justification of moral standards that is
sufficiently "grounded" to settle many controversies and to mark
off areas in which rational persons are free to disagree. It also
explains why the weight of a moral consideration may vary
reasonably from one "domain" of social life toanother. An original
approach to the uses and limits of reason in ethics, Between
Universalism and Skepticism provides a theoretical basis for
approaching actual moral controversies and questions of applied and
professional ethics in a systematic way.
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