Seismic measurements take many forms, and appear to have a
universal role in the Earth Sciences. They are the means for most
easily and economically interpreting what lies beneath the visible
surface. There are huge economic rewards and losses to be made when
interpreting the shallow crust or subsurface more, or less
accurately, as the case may be. This book describes seismic
behaviour at many scales and from numerous fields in geophysics,
tectonophysics and rock physics, and from civil, mining and
petroleum engineering. Addressing key items for improved
understanding of seismic behaviour, it often interprets seismic
measurements in rock mechanics terms, with particular attention to
the cause of attenuation, its inverse seismic quality, and the
anisotropy of fracture compliances and stiffnesses. Reviewed
behaviour stretches over ten orders of magnitude, from micro-crack
compliance in laboratory tests to cross-continent attenuation.
Between these extremes lie seismic investigation of rock joints,
boreholes, block tests, dam and bridge foundations, quarry
blasting, canal excavations, hydropower and transportation tunnels,
machine bored TBM tunnels, sub-sea sediment and mid-ocean ridge
measurements, where the emphasis is on velocity-depth-age models.
Attenuation of earthquake coda-waves is also treated, including
in-well measurements. In the later chapters, there is a general
emphasis on deeper, higher stress, larger scale applications of
seismic, such as shear-wave splitting for interpreting the
attenuation, anisotropy and orientation of permeable 'open'
fracture sets in petroleum reservoirs, and the 4D seismic effects
of water-flood, oil production and compaction. The dispersive or
frequency dependence of most seismic measurements and their
dependence on fracture dimensions and fracture density is
emphasized. The possibility that shear displacement may be required
to explain permeability at depth is quantified. This book is
cross-disciplinary, non-mathematical and phenomenological in
nature, containing a wealth of figures and a wide review of the
literature from many fields in the Earth Sciences. Including a
chapter of conclusions and an extensive subject index, it is a
unique reference work for professionals, researchers, university
teachers and students working in the fields of geophysics, civil,
mining and petroleum engineering. It will be particularly relevant
to geophysicists, engineering geologists and geologists who are
engaged in the interpretation of seismic measurements in rock and
petroleum engineering.
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