This book on the ergonomics of man-machine systems is aimed at
engineers specializing in informatics, automation, production or
robotics, and who are confronted with an important dilemma during
the conception of man-machine systems:
- on the one hand, the human operator guarantees the reliability
of the system and he has been known to salvage numerous critical
situation through an ability for reason in unplanned, imprecise and
uncertain situations;
- on the other hand, the human operator can be unpredictable and
create disturbances in the automated system.
The first part is dedicated to the methods of human centered
design, from three points of view:
- Chapter 1 presents the models of the human automator and bases
itself on functional models to explain human behavior in his
environment. To attempt to resolve the apparent ambiguity of the
role of the operator, this chapter also covers the mastering of the
Situation Awareness of operators,
- Chapter 2 develops models of cognitive psychology and proposes
a methodology of design derived from the works of Rasmussen and
Vicente called Cognitive Work Analysis
- Chapter 3 can be situated in the domain of automobile driving,
which unfortunately is the victim of numerous real accidents. The
approach the authors use is to analyze these cases to deduce the
need for adjustments or assistance tools for the design of new
vehicles and the improvement of infrastructure.
The second part develops the methods of evaluation of the
man-machine systems:
- Chapter 4 evaluates the activity of the human operator at work
using methods of automatic classification to define different
classes of behavior. The methods are illustrated by experimental
examples obtained in a automobile driving simulator during studies
on the detection of hypo-vigilance;
Chapter 5 presents the methods based on the analysis of human
error that are inspired by and adapt methods of analysis of
technical reliability and which in a sense form the dual approach
of modeling methods of "normal" human behavior.
Finally, the third part is dedicated to man-machine cooperation
through four supplementary chapters.
- Chapter 6 contributes to the know-how of the cooperative
agent. It develops the causal reasoning that permits man-machine
cooperation by creating tools founded on artificial intelligence
(AI), help for the operator in the control room confronted with
situations requiring complex decisions.;
- Chapter 7 contributes to the functional aspects of
cooperation. In particular, it presents the models of cooperative
activity, the concept of the common reference and draws up the
lessons for the design of the cooperative man-machine systems.
- Chapter 8 describes the development of the man-machine
cooperation through the definition of the cooperative structures
and by the definition of the cooperative forms between man and
machine and the implication that they have on human activities.
- Finally, the last chapter pushes the notion of the dynamic
sharing of tasks or function to the man-machine cooperation by
integrating two dimensions: the structural and organizational
dimension and the functional dimension linked to the know-how of
the human and automated agents, but also (and especially) their
cooperative knowledge.
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