African exporters suffer from low survival rates on international
markets. They fail more often than others, incurring time and again
the setup costs involved in starting new relationships. This high
churning is a source of waste, uncertainty, and discouragement.
However, this trend is not inevitable. The high "infant mortality"
of African exports is largely explained by Africa's low-income
business environment and, once properly benchmarked, Africa's
performance in terms of exporter failure is no outlier. Moreover,
African exporters show vigorous entrepreneurship, with high entry
rates into new products and markets despite formidable hurdles
created by poor infrastructure, landlocked boundaries for some, and
limited access to major sea routes for others. African exporters
experiment a lot, and they frequently pay the price of failure.
What matters for policy is how to ensure that viable ventures
survive. Research carried out for this book demonstrates that
governments can and should help to reduce the rate of failure of
African export ventures through a mixture of improvements in the
business environment, as well as well-targeted proactive
interventions. The business environment can be made more conducive
to sustainable export entrepreneurship through traditional policy
prescriptions such as reducing transportation costs, facilitating
trade through better technology and workflow in border management,
improving the effectiveness of banking regulations to ensure the
availability of trade finance, and striving for regulatory
simplicity and coherence. In addition, governments can help
leverage synergies between exporters. Original research featured in
this book shows that African exporters improve each other's chances
of survival when a critical mass of them penetrates a given market
together. They also benefit from diaspora presence in destination
markets. With adequate donor support and private-sector engagement,
export-promotion agencies and technical-assistance programs can
help leverage those synergies.|African exporters suffer from low
survival rates on international markets. They fail more often than
others, incurring time and again the setup costs involved in
starting new relationships. This high churning is a source of
waste, uncertainty, and discouragement. However, this volume shows
that this is not inevitable. The high "infant mortality" of African
exports is largely explained by the difficulty of Africa's
low-income business environment-once properly benchmarked, Africa's
performance in terms of exporter failure is no outlier. Moreover,
as in other low-income countries, African exporters show vigorous
entrepreneurship, with high entry rates into new products and
markets in spite of the formidable hurdles created by poor
infrastructure, landlockedness for some, and limited access to
major sea routes for others. African exporters experiment a lot,
and frequent failure is a price to pay for experimentation. What
matters for policy is to ensure that viable ventures survive.
Research carried out for this volume demonstrates that governments
can and should help to reduce the ""high infant mortality"" of
African export ventures through a mixture of improvements in the
business environment and well-targeted proactive interventions. The
business environment can be made more conducive to sustainable
export entrepreneurship through traditional policy prescriptions
such as reducing transportation costs, facilitating trade through
better technology and workflow in border management, improving the
effectiveness of banking regulations to ensure the availability of
trade finance, and striving for regulatory simplicity and
coherence. In addition, governments can help exporters leverage
synergies between exporters. Original research carried out for this
volume shows that African exporters improve each other's chances of
survival when a critical mass of them penetrate a given market
together. They also benefit from the presence of national diasporas
in the destination markets. With adequate donor support and
private-sector engagement, export-promotion agencies and
technical-assistance programs can help leverage those synergies.|
Nothing affects the modern economy (and society) more than
decisions made in the market place, especially, but not only,
decisions made by consumers. Although it is not startling to
suggest that decisions made in production are affected by choices
consumers make, consumers have long been viewed, not only by
academic economists, as individual, isolated rational actors that
make or refrain from purchases purely on the basis of narrow
financial considerations. Markets are not and never were morally
neutral. Market relations have always had an often
taken-for-granted moral underpinning. The moralization of the
markets refers to the dissolution and replacement of the
conventional moral underpinnings of market conduct, for example, in
the music market, financial markets, and corporate governance. It
further implies not only the heightened importance of new ethical
precepts, but the significant change in the role of moral ideals in
market behavior. These profound transformations of economic conduct
are accompanied and co-determined by societal conflicts. The
moralization of markets represents thus a new stage in the social
evolution of markets. The book is divided into four parts, in which
the twelve chapters, written by contributors from different social
science disciplines, deal with the context of the moralization of
the markets; the major social institutions; and present case
studies that examine European and American attitudes and behavior
towards tobacco and GMO; expansion of the private and ethics in
business; and how workers respond to the new corporate norms. This
volume will be of interest to sociologists, economists, social
scientists, and the general consumer alike.
General
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