During the fourth century BC the number of Greeks who did not live
as citizens in the city-states of southern mainland Greece
increased considerably: mercenaries, pirates, itinerant artisans
and traders, their origins differed widely. It has been argued that
this increase was caused by the destruction of many Greek cities in
the wars of the fourth century, accompanied by the large programme
of settlement begun by Alexander in the East and Timoleon in the
West. Although this was an important factor, argues Dr McKechnie,
more crucial was an ideological deterioration of loyalties to the
city: the polis was no longer absolutely normative in the fourth
century and Hellenistic periods. With so many outsiders with
specialist skills, Alexander and his successors were able to
recruit the armies and colonists needed to conquer and maintain
empires many times larger than any single polis had ever
controlled.
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