In the decades leading up to World War I, nationalist activists in
imperial Austria labored to transform linguistically mixed rural
regions into politically charged language frontiers. They hoped to
remake local populations into polarized peoples and their villages
into focal points of the political conflict that dominated the
Habsburg Empire. But they often found bilingual inhabitants
accustomed to cultural mixing who were stubbornly indifferent to
identifying with only one group.
Using examples from several regions, including Bohemia and
Styria, Pieter Judson traces the struggle to consolidate the
loyalty of local populations for nationalist causes. Whether
German, Czech, Italian, or Slovene, the nationalists faced similar
and unexpected difficulties in their struggle to make nationalism
relevant to local concerns and to bind people permanently to one
side. Judson examines the various strategies of the nationalist
activists, from the founding of minority language schools to the
importation of colonists from other regions, from projects to
modernize rural economies to the creation of a tourism industry. By
1914, they succeeded in projecting a public perception of
nationalist frontiers, but largely failed to nationalize the
populations.
"Guardians of the Nation" offers a provocative challenge to
standard accounts of the march of nationalism in modern Europe.
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