Organisms and environment have evolved through modifying each other
over millions of years. Humans appeared very late in this
evolutionary time scale. With their superior brain attributes,
humans emerged as the most dominating influence on the earth. Over
the millennia, from simple hunter-food gatherers, humans developed
the art of agriculture, domestication of animals, identification of
medicinal plants, devising hunting and fishing techniques, house
building, and making clothes. All these have been for better
adjustment, growth, and survival in otherwise harsh and hostile
surroundings and climate cycles of winter and summer, and dry and
wet seasons. So humankind started experimenting and acting on
ecological lines much before the art of reading, writing, or
arithmetic had developed. Application of ecological knowledge led
to development of agriculture, animal husbandry, medicines,
fisheries, and so on. Modem ecology is a relatively young science
and, unfortunately, there are so few books on applied ecology. The
purpose of ecology is to discover the principles that govern
relationships among plants, animals, microbes, and their total
living and nonliving environmental components. Ecology, however,
had remained mainly rooted in botany and zoology. It did not
permeate hard sciences, engineering, or industrial technologies
leading to widespread environmental degradation, pollution, and
frequent episodes leading to mass deaths and diseases.
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