The world is awash with ethnic and religious conflict. Nearly 5
million people have lost their lives and more than 50 million have
been displaced in the maelstrom of intergroup conflict since 1990.
During that same period, there have been about 60 civil wars and
war-like intrastate battles. While ethnic, religious, and cultural
fratricide remain a constant global theme, there are regions where
preventive diplomacy has avoided, limited, or restrained such
hostilities. In some situations, early warning was timely, but no
one listened. In others, early warning was converted into effective
action. What lessons can be learned for the future of early
warning, early action, and preventive diplomacy? This volume
examines whether those lessons can be discerned, whether continuing
hostilities around the globe can be held in check, and in
particular whether nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can
contribute to peace through preventive diplomacy. The contributors
explore the role of NGOs in reducing ethnic and religious conflict
and diminishing bloodshed and killings in troubled countries. Using
case studies on Burundi, Guatemala, Macedonia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sri
Lanka, and the Sudan, they explore theory and practice, drawing out
lessons for preventive diplomacy and early warning. The cases
reveal that preventive diplomacy represents ambitious efforts on
the part of both local and international NGOs. They also illustrate
that early warning embraces a kaleidoscope of early, not-so-early,
and belated signals. In Rwanda those signals were heeded too late;
in Macedonia, and Burundi, early warning has been sufficient. The
case studies represent a combination of failures and successes and
of differentand significant lessons for enhancing the effectiveness
of early warning, early action, and preventive diplomacy. In
addition to Rotberg, the contributors are Melissa E. Crow,
International Tribunal for Rwanda; Francis M. Deng, the Brookings
Institution; Alison L. Des Forges, Africa Watch; Eran Fraenkel,
Search for Common Ground, Macedonia; Darren Kew, Council on Foreign
Relations; Tom Lent, Save the Children; Rachel M. McCleary,
Georgetown University; Kalypso Nicolaidis, Harvard University;
Clement Nwankwo, Constitutional Rights Project, Nigeria; Violeta
Petroska Beska, University of Skopje, Macedonia; Richard A. Sollom,
Tufts University; Neelan Tiruchelvam, International Centre for
Ethnic Studies, Sri Lanka. A Brookings Institution and World Peace
Foundation copublication
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