Over the past 200 years, a health reform movement has emerged about
every 80 years. These "clean living" cycles surged with, or were
tangential to, a religious awakening. Simultaneously with these
awakenings, out groups such as immigrants and/or youth were seen to
exhibit behaviors that undermined society. Middle class fear of
these "dangerous" classes and a desire to eliminate disease, crime,
and other perceived health or social problems led to crusades in
each of the three reform eras against alcohol, tobacco, drugs,
certain foods, and sexual behaviors. A backlash began to emerge
from some segments of the population against reform efforts. After
the dissipation of the activism phase, laws made during the reform
era often became ignored or repealed. With a few exceptions, during
the 30 to 40 year ebb of the cycle, the memory of the movement
disappeared from public awareness. The desire for improved health
and social conditions also led to campaigns in favor of exercise,
semi-vegetarian diets, women's rights, chastity, and eugenics. Engs
describes the interweaving of temperance, women's rights, or
religion with most health issues. Factions of established faiths
emerged to fight perceived immorality, while alternative religions
formed and adopted health reform as dogma. In the reform phase of
each cycle, a new infectious disease threatened the population.
Some alternative medical practices became popular that later were
incorporated into orthodox medicine and public health. Ironically,
over each succeeding movement, reformers became more likely to
represent grass roots beliefs, or even to be state or federal
officials, rather than independent activists.
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