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The Aristotelian Tradition of Natural Kinds and its Demise (Hardcover)
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The Aristotelian Tradition of Natural Kinds and its Demise (Hardcover)
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There are two great traditions of natural-kinds realism: the
modern, instituted by Mill and elaborated by Venn, Peirce, Kripke,
Putnam, Boyd, and others; and the ancient, instituted by Aristotle,
elaborated by the "medieval" Aristotelians, and eventually
overthrown by Galilean and Newtonian physicists, by Locke, Leibniz,
and Kant, and by Darwin. Whereas the former tradition has lately
received the close attention it deserves, the latter has not. The
Aristotelian Tradition of Natural Kinds and its Demise is meant to
fill this gap. The volume's theme is the emergence of Aristotle's
account of species, what Schoolmen such as Thomas Aquinas and
William of Ockham did with this account, and the tacit if not
explicit rejection of all such accounts in modern scientific
theory. By tracing this history Stewart Umphrey shows that there
have been not one but two relevant "scientific revolutions" or
"paradigm shifts" in the history of natural philosophy. The first,
brought about by Aristotle, may be viewed as a renewal of
Presocratic natural philosophy in the light of Socrates's "second
sailing" and his insistence that we attend to what is first for us.
It features an eido-centric conception of living organisms and
other enduring things, and strongly resists any reduction of
physics to mathematics. The second revolution, brought about by
seventeenth-century physics, features a nomo-centric view according
to which what is fundamental in nature are not enduring individuals
and their kinds, as we commonly suppose, but rather certain
mathematizable relations among varying physical quantities. Umphrey
examines and compares these two very different ways of
understanding the natural order.
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