By most accounts, Italian-style liberalism failed. Explanations
of its failure vary from economic backwardness or a political
culture shaped by autocracy to claims that liberals ruined their
chances by pursuing nothing but narrow middle class interests. This
study examines the liberal record to weigh the accuracy of these
approaches. Ashley focuses on three controversial issues: public
works, social reform, and public order. The railroads would test
liberal commitment to laissez-faire, labor laws their pledge to
protect all citizens, and dissent their allegiance to individual
rights. In each case, liberals compromised their principles. What
they decided defined the Italian variant of liberalism by
transforming it from a doctrine to concrete practices and political
behaviors.
Particularly after 1890, liberals increasingly made empiricism
the primary justification for policy and dismissed abstract
principles as beneath notice. This shift helps explain why
liberalism lost authority and credibility as a set of moral
imperatives and as a coherent world view in Italy, as well as why
it failed to offer most Italians a compelling alternative to either
Socialsim or Fascism. Examining what liberals said and did,
however, does not entirely support the despairing judgment of so
many historians. Italian liberals managed to build a liberal state
and to make it function against intransigent obstacles.
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