As a cognitive neuropsychologist, Tim Shallice considers the
general question of what can be learned about the operation of the
normal cognitive system from the study of the cognitive
difficulties arising from neurological damage and disease. He
distinguishes two types of theories of normal function - primarily
modular and primary non-modular - and argues that the problems of
making valid inferences about normal function from studies of
brain-damaged subjects are more severe for the latter. He first
analyzes five well-researched areas in which some modularity can be
assumed: short-term memory, reading, writing, visual perception,
and the relation between input and output language processing. His
aim is to introduce the methods about normal function mirror ones
derived directly from studies of normal subjects and indeed at
times preceded them. He then more theoretically examines these
inferences, from group studies and individual case studies to
modular and non-modular systems. Finally, he considers five areas
where theories of normal function are relatively undeveloped and
neuropsychology provides counterintuitive phenomena and guides to
theory-building: the organization of semantic systems, visual
attention, concentration and will, episodic memory, and
consciousness.
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