Fundamental Tests of Physics with Optically Trapped Microspheres
details experiments on studying the Brownian motion of an optically
trapped microsphere with ultrahigh resolution and the cooling of
its motion towards the quantum ground state. Glass microspheres
were trapped in water, air, and vacuum with optical tweezers; and a
detection system that can monitor the position of a trapped
microsphere with Angstrom spatial resolution and microsecond
temporal resolution was developed to study the Brownian motion of a
trapped microsphere in air over a wide range of pressures. The
instantaneous velocity of a Brownian particle, in particular, was
studied for the very first time, and the results provide direct
verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution and the
energy equipartition theorem for a Brownian particle. For short
time scales, the ballistic regime of Brownian motion is observed,
in contrast to the usual diffusive regime. In vacuum, active
feedback is used to cool the center-of-mass motion of an optically
trapped microsphere from room temperature to a minimum temperature
of about 1.5 mK. This is an important step toward studying the
quantum behaviors of a macroscopic particle trapped in vacuum.
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