This science reader introduces students to the concept of heat energy. With easy-to-read text and detailed, vivid images, this book teaches students important scientific subjects and vocabulary terms like molecule, conductor, and energy. Aligned to state and national standards, the book contains nonfiction text features like an index, a glossary, captions, and bold font to keep students connected to the text. A hands-on science experiment helps students apply what they have learned and develops critical thinking skills.

Many students at undergraduate level struggle with the basic concepts of thermodynamics and statistical physics such as entropy, phase space, y-space, micro-canonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles, statistical weight (thermodynamic probability), accessible states, density of states, partition function. In this book the author has made every effort to explain these basic concepts and notions in the simplest possible way, keeping in mind the limitations and difficulties of an average student. The book begins with the kinetic theory of gases and transport phenomena and gives the students a thorough grounding in the fundamental aspects of the topics such as Maxwell's law of distribution of molecular speeds, mean free path, viscosity, thermal conduction and diffusion. Next, the topics on equation of state and critical constant are discussed. The chapters from 4 - 9 are devoted to the development of thermodynamic concepts and the application of the laws of thermodynamics to the thermodynamic processes. A sufficient number of solved examples enable the students to test their conceptual understanding and analytical skills. A comprehensive discussion of on the failure of classical theory of radiation and the emergence of quantum concepts viz. the particle nature of radiation is presented in the chapters on radiations. Part II of the book presents a lucid and systematic exposition of the fundamental principles of the most fascinating, exciting, stimulating and challenging subject - statistical physics. The understanding of statistical physics requires knowledge of quantum mechanics at introductory level and a little bit of mathematics of undergraduate level. Though this book provides a self-contained study material, the knowledge of more advanced mathematical tools will make the learning process of statistical physics easier.

Providing a comprehensive introduction to quantum field theory, this textbook covers the development of particle physics from its foundations to the discovery of the Higgs boson. Its combination of clear physical explanations, with direct connections to experimental data, and mathematical rigor make the subject accessible to students with a wide variety of backgrounds and interests. Assuming only an undergraduate-level understanding of quantum mechanics, the book steadily develops the Standard Model and state-of-the-art calculation techniques. It includes multiple derivations of many important results, with modern methods such as effective field theory and the renormalization group playing a prominent role. Numerous worked examples and end-of-chapter problems enable students to reproduce classic results and to master quantum field theory as it is used today. Based on a course taught by the author over many years, this book is ideal for an introductory to advanced quantum field theory sequence or for independent study.

Discusses advances in the computation of phase diagrams Offers expanded treatment of eutectic solidification with practical examples and new coverage of ternary phase diagrams, covering the concepts of orthoequilibrium and paraequilibrium Updates discussion of bainite transformation to reflect current opinions Includes new case studies covering grain refiners in aluminium alloys, additive manufacturing, thin film growth, important aerospace Al-Li alloys, and quenched and partitioned steels, and metastable austenitic stainless steels. Each chapter now begins with a list of key concepts, includes simpler illustrative exercises with relevance to real practical applications, and references to scientific publications updated to reflect experimental and computational advances in metallurgy

An updated and expanded translation of the highly popular Russian textbook, Introduction to Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of Matter examines equilibrium and kinetic properties of matter--gas, liquid, and solid--using the general principles of thermodynamics and kinetic theory. Readable and accessible throughout, this book provides both thermodynamic and statistical points of view, covering thermodynamic potentials, such as entropy and free energy, whenever relevant.

The book takes a fresh approach to its subject matter, focusing equally on condensed matter and gases. It compares rarefied and condensed matter, classical and quantum systems, and real and ideal gases. Central to the book are intermolecular interactions, and the process by which they lead matter into a change of state. The author discusses the solid, crystalline phase, showing how it can be manipulated by lattice vibration as well as by thermal pressure. In addition, this is the only book in which the quasi-thermodynamic theory of gas/liquid interface is used for density profile calculation within the van der Waals theory of surface tension.

Another major theme investigated here is the irreversible transfer properties of matter, such as diffusion and viscosity, heat and electric conductivity. The book presents the hypothesis of "local equilibrium, " which facilitates the calculation of the fluxes of matter, heat, or charge-- comparing them and predicting the resultant density and temperature dependencies of transport coefficients. Examples from situations when local equilibrium is absent are also included.

Finally, the book covers all reversible processes subject to the principles of thermodynamics. This isespecially useful in experimental applications--optimizing the work of heat engines and pumps; providing methods for the condensation of gases into liquids; and explaining various phenomena such as phase equilibrium and transitions, surface tension, and thermal radiation.

Addressing a broad audience, and using inductive logic and many illustrations, Introduction to Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of Matter leads the reader from basic phenomena to advanced models, and provides from the outset opportunities for experimental work in related fields of physics and physical chemistry.

This highly original book about the kinetic properties of the microparticles constituting gases, liquids, and solids--as well as light--is an updated version of a very popular Russian text. Dealing with areas of molecular physics, this edition updates all information, covering elementary statistical mechanics and kinetic theory, and expanding the Russian text to include thermodynamics.

Particularly innovative are the methods--exclusive to this book--for calculating surface structure within quasi-thermodynamics. Also unique is the comparison between rarefied and condensed matter, which is not offered in any other text.

Addressing both students and advanced researchers, the book assumes only a general math and classical mechanics background, allowing the reader to progress quickly from the introductory material to complex topics. It provides:

• Rigorous quantitative treatment of all phenomena, useful for starting experiments in related fields of physics and physical chemistry
• Comprehensive coverage of molecular and photon gases, liquids and solids-- for students and faculty in physics
• Aunique treatment of solid and liquid equations of state--for researchers in thermophysics and physical chemistry
• 150 illustrations and references on experimental data for equations of state, orthometric curves, the knots of compressibility factor isotherms, as well as liquid-gas interface
• Several of the author's own original results
• An extensive list of suggested readings for both fundamental and in-depth study

A survey of the physics of ultracold atoms and molecules, taking into consideration the latest research on ultracold phenomena, such as Bose Einstein condensation and quantum computing. This textbook covers recent experimental results on atom and molecule cooling as well as the theoretical treatment.

Key features Major concepts in thermal physics are introduced cohesively through computational and mathematical treatments. Computational examples in Python programming language guide students on how to simulate and visualize thermodynamic principles and processes for themselves.

Energy is typically regarded as understandable, despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Entropy, however, is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropy's connection with energy. In fact, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matter's entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked. Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points. Features: Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy Analysis of energy and entropy of matter and photons, with examples ranging from rubber bands, cryogenic cooling, and incandescent lamps to Hawking radiation of black holes Unique coverage of numerical entropy, the 3rd law of thermodynamics, entropic force, dimensionless entropy, free energy, and fluctuations, from Maxwell's demon to Brownian ratchets, plus attempts to violate the second law of thermodynamics

describes more than thirty Physics practicals at high school and undergraduate level. There's background information on each one, a description of the equipment needed, and how the experiment is performed. Uniquely, for those without access to a real laboratory, the book gives you access to highly detailed 3d simulations of all the experiments.

Gets right to the point with step-by-step guidance on solving physics problems. Covers all topics in standard general physics courses in the same sequence. Keeps learning about physics fun and engaging through the story of dinosaurs being tested on their knowledge for a final challenge (deflecting an asteroid headed to Earth!). Enables the reader to quickly flip through and locate steps needed for a particular problem. Includes tons of easy to follow diagrams and worked solutions.

This text provides an overview of important theory, principles, and concepts in the field of thermodynamics, making this abstract and complex subject easy to comprehend while building practical skills in the process. It enhances understanding of heat transfer, steam tables, energy concepts, power generation, psychrometry, refrigeration cycles, and more. Practical, easily accessible case studies illustrate various thermodynamics principles. Each chapter concludes with a list of questions or problems, with answers at the back of the book.

- Focuses on a very physical and specific understanding of how humans measure and interpret the measurements of the quantity of time, unlike existing books which explore qualitative, speculative theories currently entertained in physics and philosophy.

The monograph is devoted to the description of the kinetics of spontaneous boiling of superheated liquefied gases and their solutions. Experimental results are given on the temperature of accessible superheating, the limits of tensile strength of liquids due to processes of cavitation and the rates of nucleation of classical and quantum liquids. The kinetics of evolution of the gas phase is studied in detail for solutions of cryogenic liquids and gas-saturated fluids. The properties of the critical clusters (bubbles of critical sizes) of the newly evolving gas phase are analyzed for initial states near the equilibrium coexistence curves of liquid and gas, for states near the limits of accessible superheating and for initial states near the respective spinodal curves. Finally, processes of explosive boiling of cryogenic liquids are considered occurring as the result of outflow processes and intensive interactions with high-temperature liquid samples.

From the Contents: Equilibrium, Stability and Metastability Attainable Superheating of One-Component Liquids Nucleation in Solutions of Liquefied Gases Nucleation in Highly Correlated Systems Nucleation Kinetics Near the Absolute Zero Temperature Explosive Boiling-Up of Cryogenic Liquids

With its uncommon presentation of instructional material regarding mathematical modeling, measurements, and solution of inverse problems, Thermal Measurements and Inverse Techniques is a one-stop reference for those dealing with various aspects of heat transfer.

Progress in mathematical modeling of complex industrial and environmental systems has enabled numerical simulations of most physical phenomena. In addition, recent advances in thermal instrumentation and heat transfer modeling have improved experimental procedures and indirect measurements for heat transfer research of both natural phenomena and manmade applications. These new resources and methods help theoretical, computational, and experimental researchers synergistically interact to better understand the physical phenomena being studied. This book explores how inverse analysis can be used to increase understanding of interactions between technological systems and nature, by bridging the gap between data derived from measurements and information from theoretical predictions.

Assembled in three parts?Modeling and Measurements in Heat Transfer, Inverse Heat Transfer Problems, and Applications?this self-contained resource:

• Explores theoretical background and examples
• Outlines practical applications, including sample test cases
• Presents inverse techniques to estimate spatially and time-varying functions (such as heat sources, fluxes, and thermophysical properties), as well as constant parameters in heat transfer problems

Written by international experts, this book assumes basic heat transfer knowledge, presenting a balanced approach suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, as well as practicing engineers and academic and industrial researchers. With coverage of modeling at the micro- and nanoscales, this book covers classic and novel approaches to help readers understand and solve heat transfer problems of all kinds.

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems, Fourth Edition emphasizes the unifying role of thermodynamics in analyzing natural phenomena. This updated edition expands on the third edition by focusing on the general balance equations for coupled processes of physical, chemical and biological systems. Updates include stochastic approaches, self-organization criticality, ecosystems, mesoscopic thermodynamics, constructual law, quantum thermodynamics, fluctuation theory, information theory, and modeling the coupled biochemical systems. The book also emphasizes nonequilibrium thermodynamics tools, such as fluctuation theories, mesoscopic thermodynamic analysis, information theories, and quantum thermodynamics in describing and designing small scale systems.

Models for the mechanical behavior of porous media introduced more than 50 years ago are still relied upon today, but more recent work shows that, in some cases, they may violate the laws of thermodynamics. In The Thermophysics of Porous Media, the author shows that physical consistency requires a unique description of dynamic processes that involve porous media, and that new dynamic variables-porosity, saturation, and megascale concentration-naturally enter into the large-scale description of porous media. The new degrees of freedom revealed in this study predict new dynamic processes that are not associated with compressional motions.

The book details the construction of a Lorentz invariant thermodynamic lattice gas model and shows how the associated nonrelativistic, Galilean invariant model can be used to describe flow in porous media. The author develops the equations of seismic wave propagation in porous media, the associated boundary conditions, and surface waves. He also constructs the equations for both immiscible and miscible flows in porous media and their related instability problems.

The implications of the physical theory presented in this book are significant, particularly in applications in geophysics and the petroleum industry. The Thermophysics of Porous Media offers a unique opportunity to examine the dynamic role that porosity plays in porous materials.

Contents:
Part I Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 1. Introduction 2. Governing Equations 3. Classification of Partial Differential Equations 4. Well Posed Problems 5. Numerical Methods 6. The Finite Difference Method
Part II The Finite Analytic Method 7. Basic Principles 8. The One-Dimensional Case 9. The Two-Dimensional Case 10. The Tree-Dimensional Case 11. Stability of Convergence 12. Hyperbolic PDEs 13. Explicit Finite Analytic Method
Part III 14. Introduction to Grid Generation 15. Elliptic Grid Generation 16. Equations in E and n Coordinates 17. Diagonal Cartesian Method 18. FA Method on Diagonal Cartesian Coordinates
Part IV Computational Considerations 19. Velocity , Pressure and Staggered Grids 20. Non-staggered Grid Methods 21. Boundary Conditions
Applications of the FA Method 22. Turbulent Flows 23. Turbulent Heat Transfer 24. Complex Domain Flows 25. Conjugate Heat Transfer
A The One-Dimensional Case
B The Two-Dimensional Case

Advances in Heat Transfer, Volume 50, provides in-depth review articles from a broader scope than in traditional journals or texts, with this comprehensive release covering chapters on Heat Transfer in Rotating Channels, Advances in Liquid Metal Science and Technology in Chip Cooling and Thermal Management, Heat Transfer in Rotating Cooling Channel, Anomalous Heat Transfer: Examples, Fundamentals, and Fractional Calculus Models, and much more.

This book provides a gentle introduction to equilibrium statistical mechanics. The particular aim is to fill the needs of readers who wish to learn the subject without a solid background in classical and quantum mechanics. The approach is unique in that classical mechanical formulation takes center stage. The book will be of particular interest to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in engineering departments.

Unraveling the mystery of the negative thermal expansion of liquid water has been a challenge for scientists for centuries. Various theories have been proposed so far, but none has been able to solve this mystery. Since the thermodynamic properties of matter are determined by the interaction between particles, the mystery can be solved fundamentally if the thermodynamic physical quantities using the laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are determined, the experimental results are reproduced, and the phenomena in relation to the shape of the interaction between particles are elucidated. In this sense, this book has fundamentally unraveled this mystery. In addition, it discusses the mysteries of isothermal compressibility, structural diversity, as well as liquefaction and boiling points of water in relation to the shape of the interaction between particles. It carefully explains the analysis and calculation methods so that they can be easily understood by the readers.

Key features: Presents a theoretical outline for each chapter. Motivates the students with standard mechanics problems with step-by-step explanations. Challenges the students with more complex problems with detailed solutions.

Features Covers both basic introductory topics, in addition to more advanced content Accompanied by over 200 problems starting from group algebra to the derivation of Migdal-Makeenko equations, Kim - Shifman - Vainshtein - Zakharov axion, and gluon + gluon to Higgs cross section, etc. Solutions are incorporated into the chapters to test understanding

- Focuses on a very physical and specific understanding of how humans measure and interpret the measurements of the quantity of time, unlike existing books which explore qualitative, speculative theories currently entertained in physics and philosophy.

The fifth edition of "Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids" incorporates two new tables: other material is being retained essentially as in the fourth edition, although tables beyond p.11 will be on different pages.

The new tables are as follows: Data of Refrigerant 134a (tetrafluoroethane - CH2F-CF3) are being added because this refrigerant is environmentally more acceptable than Refrigerant 12 which it replaces. The table of R12 is being retained, however, because R12 will survive in much equipment for a long time. At present it is still uncertain whether R134a is a medium-term substitute, or will be used for much longer than a decade.

Figure 15.11 from "Engineering Thermodynamics, Work and Heat Transfer" (Rogers & Mayhew, Longman 1992) is being included. The table contains, for selected substances, molar enthalpies and molar Gibbs functions of formation, and Equilibrium constants of formation, as well as molar heat capacities and absolute entropies.

* Materials are presented to guide the reader with ease through a difficult subject by providing extra help whenever needed to overcome the more demanding technical and conceptual aspects * Active reading strategies (conceptual problems, discussion questions, worked examples with comments, end of chapter problems, further reading etc.) to stimulate engagement with the text through active, critical thought * Well-balanced textbook design (including introductions, illustrations, keywords defined, highlights, notes in margins, summary of key ideas and concepts, boxes with additional topics that complement the materials presented in the main text)