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John Pecham - Questions Concerning the Eternity of the World (Hardcover)
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John Pecham - Questions Concerning the Eternity of the World (Hardcover)
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This dual-language book is a translation of John Pechamas De
aeternitate mundi (On the Eternity of the World), written probably
in 1270. Pecham was born in England around 1230. He pursued studies
in Paris, where he may have been a student of Roger Baconas, and at
Oxford. He returned to Paris some time between 1257 and 1259 to
study theology and in 1269-1270 became magister theologiae. It was
at this time that he presumably wrote the essay translated here,
and presented it as part of his inception, the equivalent of a
doctrinal defense, in 1271, when he sought to become a magister
regens, a member of the theological faculty. While Pecham was
studying in Paris, two controversial theological "innovations" were
being debated. The first issue involved the founding of the
mendicant orders (Franciscans and Dominicans) in the first decade
of the thirteenth century. Their active moving about, preaching and
teaching, represented a departure from the established Rule of St.
Benedict in which Orders were largely confined to monasteries. The
second debate was over the introduction of the "new" philosophy of
Aristotle. The Dominicans and Franciscans found themselves allied
against the Latin Averroists (or Radical Aristotelians) on such
issues as the unicity of the intellect and the assertion of the
worldas eternity in the sense that is was not created. The two
Orders disagreed, however, on the truth of other Aristotelian
theses such as the unicity of substantial form and the
demonstrability of the worldas having a beginning in time. On
another front, having to do with the legitimacy of the Dominicans
and Franciscans interpretation of religious life, the two Orders
united under attacks from thesecular clergy. Pecham, a Franciscan,
witnessed his Order allied with the Dominicans against Averroists
and secular clergy, and at odds with them over Aristotelianism in
orthodox theology. During this tumultuous time Pecham met, and
probably discussed his inception with Thomas, and his position on
the eternity of the world can be compared to the treatment of the
topic found in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas and St.
Bonaventure. In 1279, Pecham was named the Archbishop of Canterbury
by Pope Nicolas III, in this position it was expected that he carry
out reforms mandated by the Council of Lyons. The ruling of that
council included the eradication of the Averroists radical
departures from theological philosophy and some of the theses held
by the Thomists. Pecham died in 1291, no doubt in disappointment
that the reforms for which he had strived never came to pass.
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