Winner of the Albert Hourani Book Award Sufis created the most
extensive Muslim revivalist network in Asia before the twentieth
century, generating a vibrant Persianate literary, intellectual,
and spiritual culture while tying together a politically fractured
world. In a pathbreaking work combining social history, religious
studies, and anthropology, Waleed Ziad examines the development
across Asia of Muslim revivalist networks from the eighteenth to
the twentieth centuries. At the center of the story are the
Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Sufis, who inspired major reformist movements
and articulated effective social responses to the fracturing of
Muslim political power amid European colonialism. In a time of
political upheaval, the Mujaddidis fused Persian, Arabic, Turkic,
and Indic literary traditions, mystical virtuosity, popular
religious practices, and urban scholasticism in a unified yet
flexible expression of Islam. The Mujaddidi "Hidden Caliphate," as
it was known, brought cohesion to diverse Muslim communities from
Delhi through Peshawar to the steppes of Central Asia. And the
legacy of Mujaddidi Sufis continues to shape the Muslim world, as
their institutional structures, pedagogies, and critiques have
worked their way into leading social movements from Turkey to
Indonesia, and among the Muslims of China. By shifting attention
away from court politics, colonial actors, and the standard
narrative of the "Great Game," Ziad offers a new vision of Islamic
sovereignty. At the same time, he demonstrates the pivotal place of
the Afghan Empire in sustaining this vast inter-Asian web of
scholastic and economic exchange. Based on extensive fieldwork
across Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan at madrasas, Sufi
monasteries, private libraries, and archives, Hidden Caliphate
reveals the long-term influence of Mujaddidi reform and revival in
the eastern Muslim world, bringing together seemingly disparate
social, political, and intellectual currents from the Indian Ocean
to Siberia.
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