The monograph is the first book that reviews a variety of problems
in different fluid mechanics disciplines that led to the concept of
canopy, or penetrable roughness. Despite their diversity, many
flows may be theoretically united by means of introducing
distributed sinks and/or sources of momentum and heat and mass.
Terrestrial vegetation, historically the first example of canopies,
creates specific features of turbulence. Aquatic canopies exhibit a
range of behaviour depending on the depth of submergence,
geometrical forms of the obstacles and the patterns of their
relative locations. These and other flows in engineering and
environmental situations over surfaces with many obstacles are
reviewed in terms of general concepts of fluid mechanics. They have
been subject to examination by field-scale and laboratory
experiments, and have been modelled and simulated using a variety
of computational techniques. Distinct regions of the flows are
identified. Application of the flow modelling is also relevant to
predicting the dispersion of pollutants in these complex flows,
particularly for releases in street canyons and fire propagation.
Written by world-recognized experts, the book is of interest to
researchers and students in general fluid mechanics and
environmental physics, in hydraulics and meteorology, as well as in
environment protection.
General
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