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Research on New Generation Tumor Markers (Hardcover)
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Research on New Generation Tumor Markers (Hardcover)
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Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some
molecules which can be measured in plasma/urine or can be detected
on the surface of resected tumour tissue. These molecules are known
as tumour markers. The potential uses of tumour markers are
screening in the general population, differential diagnoses of
symptomatic patients, clinical staging of cancer, estimating tumour
volume, indicating prognosis, monitoring treatment and detecting
recurrences. In order to obtain maximum clinical benefit, a tumour
marker should have some characteristics. A tumour marker should be
tissue-specific. The plasma level of the tumour marker should be in
proportion to the size and activity of the tumour. A tumour marker
should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though
tumour size is very small. A tumour marker should reflect the
altered tumour characteristic as a response to therapy.
Unfortunately, currently used tumour markers do not meet all of
these criteria. A majority of them are present in normal, benign
and tumour tissues, and unfortunately, they are not specific enough
to be used for cancer screening in the general population. In
addition, conventional tumour markers are poor in reflecting
altered tumour behavior in response to anticancer therapy. They are
of most value during follow-up appointments. Recent developments in
molecular biology have led to the identification of numerous new
tumour biomarkers. Firstly, the detection of DNA and RNA freely
circulating in blood has provided a new perspective for the early
diagnosis of cancer, patient follow-up, and assessment of therapy
efficacy. Circulating free nucleic acids can originate from both
malignant and non-malignant tissues. Discrimination of tumour cells
is based on the presence of tumour-specific genetic and epigenetic
alterations. This circulating nucleic acid-based approach is termed
a liquid biopsy. Due to its non-invasive and repeatable features,
liquid biopsy is a promising tool for cancer patients. It is
particularly helpful in cancers where solid tissue biopsies are not
feasible, and in the metastatic patients when multiple distinct
tumour masses are simultaneously present. As another advantage,
liquid biopsy shows the current tumour dynamics during anticancer
therapy and drug sensitivities that conventional examinations fail
to reflect. Secondly, self-renewable stem cells have the potential
to cause cancer. If stem cells are genetically or epienetically
changed, their differentiation potential becomes impaired and their
proliferative capacity becomes uncontrolled. Current anticancer
therapies mostly fail to eradicate cancer stem cells and instead
favor expansion of the cancer stem cell pool and/or select for
resistant stem cells. Thirdly, microRNAs, non-coding RNAs and
transfer RNA fragments found in the bloodstream are candidate
markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of different types of
cancer. This book provides an overview of these new molecular
tumour markers.
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