In 60 years the nuclear tipped South Asian enduring rivals, India and Pakistan have fought four wars and were close to a fifth one in 2001. Indo-Pak dyad has been the focal point of countless studies and while discord and conflict are the focus of most studies there have been periods of cooperation that have not been given enough attention. This book is an attempt to dig out the positive aspects of past Indo-Pak engagements and explore the relevant lessons to help resolve the pending issues. The book argues that both came to terms with each after 50 years and created the composite dialogue process in 1997 and by extracting lessons from the history they can resolve their differences even if their overall relations remain hostile.

The first comprehensive guide to the chemicals and gases used in semiconductor manufacturing

The fabrication of semiconductor devices involves a series of complex chemical processes such as photolithography, etching, cleaning, thin film deposition, and polishing. Until now, there has been no convenient source of information on the properties, applications, and health and safety considerations of the chemicals used in these processes. The Handbook of Chemicals and Gases for the Semiconductor Industry meets this need.

Each of the Handbook’s eight chapters is related to a specific area of semiconductor processing. The authors provide a brief overview of each step in the process, followed by tables containing physical properties, handling, safety, and other pertinent information on chemicals and gases typically used in these processes. The 270 chemical and gas entries include data on physical properties, emergency treatment procedures, waste disposal, and incompatible materials, as well as descriptions of applications, chemical mechanisms involved, and references to the literature. Appendices cross-reference entries by process, chemical name, and CAS number. The Handbook’s eight chapters are:

• Thin Film Deposition Materials
• Water Cleaning Chemicals
• Photolithography Materials
• Wet and Dry Etching Materials
• Chemical Mechanical Planarizing Materials
• Carrier Gases
• Uncategorized Materials
• Semiconductor Chemicals Analysis

No other single source brings together these useful and important data on chemicals and gases used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices. The Handbook of Chemicals and Gases for the Semiconductor Industry will be a valuable reference for process engineers, scientists, suppliers to the semiconductor industry, microelectronics researchers, and students.

Afghanistan has become synonymous with violence. In the past 25 years alone, the country has endured Russian invasion and occupation, civil war and a US-led military campaign, resulting in the combined loss of over 2 million lives, most of them civilian. Even now, following the overthrow of the Taliban regime, old ethnic animosities have resurfaced which seem likely to push the country into another spell of internal war.

But why is it that Afghanistan has experienced such bloody conflict and slaughter? What factors have allowed the country to be exploited by external powers who have intervened to determine its politics, social structure and, consequently, its place in the world?

In this fascinating new book, Amalendu Misra seeks to provide answers to these pressing questions. By analysing the nature of conflict in Afghanistan, he exposes the various geopolitical, ethnic, economic and religious variables which have contributed to the breakdown of the Afghan state, and ponders whether post-war reconstruction could lead to a more democratic and peaceful Afghanistan.

In 60 years the nuclear tipped South Asian enduring rivals, India and Pakistan have fought four wars and were close to a fifth one in 2001. Indo-Pak dyad has been the focal point of countless studies and while discord and conflict are the focus of most studies there have been periods of cooperation that have not been given enough attention. This book is an attempt to dig out the positive aspects of past Indo-Pak engagements and explore the relevant lessons to help resolve the pending issues. The book argues that both came to terms with each after 50 years and created the composite dialogue process in 1997 and by extracting lessons from the history they can resolve their differences even if their overall relations remain hostile.

Afghanistan has become synonymous with violence. In the past 25 years alone, the country has endured Russian invasion and occupation, civil war and a US-led military campaign, resulting in the combined loss of over 2 million lives, most of them civilian. Even now, following the overthrow of the Taliban regime, old ethnic animosities have resurfaced which seem likely to push the country into another spell of internal war.

But why is it that Afghanistan has experienced such bloody conflict and slaughter? What factors have allowed the country to be exploited by external powers who have intervened to determine its politics, social structure and, consequently, its place in the world?

In this fascinating new book, Amalendu Misra seeks to provide answers to these pressing questions. By analysing the nature of conflict in Afghanistan, he exposes the various geopolitical, ethnic, economic and religious variables which have contributed to the breakdown of the Afghan state, and ponders whether post-war reconstruction could lead to a more democratic and peaceful Afghanistan.