Anja Schmidt's thesis is a unique and comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of tropospheric volcanic aerosol on the atmosphere, climate, air quality and human health. Using a state-of-the-art global microphysics model, the thesis describes and quantifies the impact of volcanic sulphur emissions on global aerosol, clouds and the radiative forcing of climate. The advanced model enables the first ever estimate of the impact of the emissions on aerosol microphysical properties such as particle number concentrations and sizes, and therefore a considerably improved ability to quantify the climate and air quality effects.
There are several important discoveries in this thesis. Firstly, it is shown that continuously degassing volcanoes exert a major effect on global clouds and climate. Secondly, the impact of the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland is re-examined to show that this long-lasting flood lava eruption would have had major effects on clouds and climate. Thirdly, by combining her research on volcanism, atmospheric science and epidemiology, she shows that a present-day Laki-like eruption would seriously affect European air quality and cause over 100000 premature deaths in the first year.

This detailed volume explores common and numerous specialized methods to study various aspects of plant germline development and targeted manipulation, including imaging and hybridization techniques to study cell-type specification, cell lineage, signaling and hormones, cell cycle, and the cytoskeleton. In addition, cell-type specific methods for targeted ablation or isolation are provided, protocols to apply "omics" technologies and to perform bioinformatics data analysis, as well as methods relevant for aspects of biotechnology or plant breeding. This includes protocols that are relevant for the targeted manipulation of pathways, for crop plant transformation, or for conditional induction of phenotypes. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Plant Germline Development: Methods and Protocols serves as a comprehensive guide not only to studying basic questions related to different aspects of plant reproductive development but also for state of the art methods, in addition to being a source of inspiration for new approaches and research questions in many laboratories.

Anja Schmidt's thesis is a unique and comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of tropospheric volcanic aerosol on the atmosphere, climate, air quality and human health. Using a state-of-the-art global microphysics model, the thesis describes and quantifies the impact of volcanic sulphur emissions on global aerosol, clouds and the radiative forcing of climate. The advanced model enables the first ever estimate of the impact of the emissions on aerosol microphysical properties such as particle number concentrations and sizes, and therefore a considerably improved ability to quantify the climate and air quality effects. There are several important discoveries in this thesis. Firstly, it is shown that continuously degassing volcanoes exert a major effect on global clouds and climate. Secondly, the impact of the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland is re-examined to show that this long-lasting flood lava eruption would have had major effects on clouds and climate. Thirdly, by combining her research on volcanism, atmospheric science and epidemiology, she shows that a present-day Laki-like eruption would seriously affect European air quality and cause over 100000 premature deaths in the first year.

Covering a key connection between geological processes and life on Earth, this multidisciplinary volume describes the effects of volcanism on the environment by combining present-day observations of volcanism and environmental changes with information from past eruptions preserved in the geologic record. The book discusses the origins, features and timing of volumetrically large volcanic eruptions; methods for assessing gas and tephra release in the modern day and the palaeo-record; and the impacts of volcanic gases and aerosols on the environment, from ozone depletion to mass extinctions. The significant advances that have been made in recent years in quantifying and understanding the impacts of present and past volcanic eruptions are presented and review chapters are included, making this a valuable book for academic researchers and graduate students in volcanology, climate science, palaeontology, atmospheric chemistry, and igneous petrology.

Covering a key connection between geological processes and life on Earth, this multidisciplinary volume describes the effects of volcanism on the environment by combining present-day observations of volcanism and environmental changes with information from past eruptions preserved in the geologic record. The book discusses the origins, features and timing of volumetrically large volcanic eruptions; methods for assessing gas and tephra release in the modern day and the palaeo-record; and the impacts of volcanic gases and aerosols on the environment, from ozone depletion to mass extinctions. The significant advances that have been made in recent years in quantifying and understanding the impacts of present and past volcanic eruptions are presented and review chapters are included, making this a valuable book for academic researchers and graduate students in volcanology, climate science, palaeontology, atmospheric chemistry, and igneous petrology.

Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3 (A), University of Hamburg (IAA), 12 entries in the bibliography, language: English, comment:, abstract: One major assumption in the study of emotions is the idea that our understanding of emotion metaphors is, to a large extent, based on bodily experience. Although most evidence for this claim has been found in analyses of the English language, Chinese emotions seem to be conceptualised to a large degree in the same way as in English. Previous studies on the concepts of ANGER and HAPPINESS come to the conclusion that English and Chinese only vary in minor aspects, due to cultural differences. But how about the more peripheral type of emotions? Do these show the same metaphorical preferences? Or are they even more culture-specific? In this paper I will show the different metaphorical realization of RESPECT in English and Chinese and offer some suggestions as to why these differences occur. For this analysis I have considered a set of about 140 sentences and idioms in English and Chinese. After considering these sample sentences, it will become evident that these two languages most likely follow the same major metaphorical principles. English and Chinese share important concepts such as GOOD IS UP or THE OBJECT OF RESPECT IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY. And this shows in the metaphorized expressions of respect. It seems, though, that Chinese is far more restricted in the use and meaning of these respect metaphors.

Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1+ (A), University of Hamburg, course: Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Puritans, 13 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne has not only created an intriguing plot, but also some very "picturesque" characters, among whom the character of Pearl can probably be viewed as the most unique one. Pearl, a composition of demon offspring and elf-child, cannot but raise the question of her identity, and nature, from the day she is born. Not only the Puritan community, even her own mother persistently questions her human nature and allegorizes her as a token of guilt. Not even Hawthorne can restrain himself in reminding us constantly about the symbolic and functional nature of Pearl, so that even the most ignorant reader must notice her resemblance of the Scarlet Letter in the story. But is Pearl really just a purpose-fulfilling construction? Or is there more to this character than its function? Is a child's fascination with a shiny and colorful object really that unusual? And is it unusual for a child to behave wild if the mother raises the child in a non-authoritative form? Could it be that any real child, born into a situation described in The Scarlet Letter, would develop as Hawthorne develops the character of Pearl? This work will raise the question of Pearl's true nature and examine whether her character in Hawthorne's romance is purely shaped by her function. Yet, an analysis of Pearl's character would be a futile attempt if viewed independently of all other characters. The reader never gets to know the "independent character" Pearl. She is always reflected via her interaction with other characters or objects. Her thoughts remain obscure to the reader - unlike the other characters'. Thus, an analysis on Pearl will consist of an analysis of her interactions with the other characters in the story.

Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject American Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1+ (A+), University of Hamburg, course: Motivation in Language, 17 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Linguists studying the syntactic relations of Chinese have often argued that Chinese, being a non-inflectional language, was more reliant on iconic principles than most Western languages. Since Chinese is largely dependent on the use of grammatical particles and word order, it was sought to represent conceptual mappings more directly than other languages, i.e. denoting states and events as direct reflections of human perceptions. But how iconic is Chinese really? And what are the main determinants of Chinese word order? The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of temporal sequence on Chinese word order. I will in particular examine the pre- and post-verbal placement of adverbials and try to display the limitations of this theory. I will furthermore demonstrate how other factors can account for word order questions not sufficiently resolved by the "Principle of Temporal Sequence." Accordingly, I will try to show that not just one major parameter is involved in Chinese word order, but several - interacting to various degrees in different contexts. For this purpose, I have examined Chinese sample sentences taken from dictionaries, as well as Chinese language learning material and grammar books. My analysis was moreover verified by the intuitions of native speakers of Chinese and is only concerned with "Standard Chinese," or Putonghua (PTH) - the standardized variant of Chinese as it is used on mainland China since the 1950s. Hence, I will start this analysis with a discussion of the "Principle of Temporal Sequence," its possible means for Chinese word order and its limitations. I will then consider other influences, e.g. topicality and definiteness by examining problematic cases of word order which can otherwise not be explained thoroughly by the

Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0 (A), University of Hamburg (IAA), 16 entries in the bibliography, language: English, comment: The paper deals with the development and use of different language forms in Kenya (i.e. English, Kiswahili, other ethnic languages, Engsh, Sheng)., abstract: When considering the linguistic situation in Kenya, it becomes quite obvious that it is anything but homogenous. Not only the large variety of different ethnic groups, but also British colonial influences have left their marks on this diverse region. With English as the official language and Kiswahili as the national language, it seems that the language situation in Kenya should be clear cut and well defined. Yet, the search for a national identity, feelings of inferiority towards the "colonial" language English and the strive for a better political and economic life in Kenya confront the population with many challenges and problems. Kenyan society is shaped by 40 to 60 African ethnic languages, such as Maasai or Dholuo. The main means of communication among these different ethnic groups has become Kiswahili. But Kiswahili itself has seven dialects and several sub-dialects. In addition, several European languages were left behind by the colonial era and Arabic and Asian merchants have brought their languages with them too. Thus, the language situation in Kenya is extremely complex and considered to be a 3 + 1 language country. That means that most Kenyan citizens speak three languages (plus or minus one): the mother tongue (in most cases an African ethnic language), Kiswahili - the national language and most often also lingua franca, and English - the official language and therefore used for all educational and governmental purposes. But the competence and use of these communication systems varies largely. Like citizens of other imposed multilingual environment situations, Kenyans have developed the

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2004 im Fachbereich Germanistik - Altere Deutsche Literatur, Mediavistik, Note: 1,3, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Das Nibelungenlied1 ist seit seiner Wiederentdeckung Mitte des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts immer wieder ideologisch Instrumentalisiert worden. Diente es Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Befriedigung patriotischer Affekte, so half es nach der gescheiterten Revolution 1848 dem Burgertum seine Ohnmacht gegenuber dem Staat zu kompensieren, wahrend es unter dem Nationalsozialismus zur Stutze eines blinden Gefolgschaftskultes verwertet wurde.2 Auch die neuere Forschung schrak nicht davor zuruck, diesen Text zum Beweis ihrer Ideen zu berufen und stilisierte beispielsweise Brunhild zur Zeugin eines untergegangenen Matriarchats3. Selbstverstandlich ist es nicht unproblematisch, Verbindungen zwischen literarischer Fiktion und der Realitat herstellen zu wollen, mir wird es in dieser Arbeit jedoch um ein Phanomen gehen, das sehr wohl einen (leider noch immer aktuellen) Wirklichkeitsbezug aufweist: Karin Stuchly stellt fest, dass sexuelle Gewalt ...] nicht sexuellen Zwecken, sondern der Artikulation von Gewalt und auch der Herrschaft uber eine Frau dient]."4 Der Begriff sexuelle Gewalt meint: alle Formen sexueller Bedrohung, Ubergriffe, Einmischung und Ausbeutung sowie ...] Belastungen ohne physische Schadigungen , ] oder Penetration"5. *** *** *** 1Die folgende Ausgabe wird von mir verwendet: Das Nibelungenlied 1. Mittelhochdeutscher Text und Ubertragung. Hrg. v. Brackert, Helmut. 27. Auflage. Frankfurt a. M. 2001. 2 ebd., S. 2. 3 Classen, Albrecht: The Defeat of the Matriarch Brunhild in the Nibelungenlied. With Some Thoughts on Matriarchy as Evinced in Literary Texts. In: Waz sider da geschah." American- German Studies on the Nibelungenlied. Text and Reception. Hrsg. v. Werner Wunderlich und Ulrich Muller. Goppingen 1992, S. 89- 110. 4 Stuchly, Karin: Frauen auf der Flucht. Das psychische, physische und

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2007 im Fachbereich Englisch - Padagogik, Didaktik, Sprachwissenschaft, Note: 1,7, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Fehler sind die Stiefkinder des Sprachunterrichts. Moglichst vermieden, von den Schulerinnen1 als Stigma empfunden und im Korrekturvorgang durch die Lehrenden mit leichter Hand durch Richtiges" ersetzt, fuhren sie ein Schattendasein im Unterrichtsgeschehen, sind aber dennoch daraus nicht wegzudenken. Gerade weil Fehler dem Lernprozess immanent sind, lohnt es sich, sie nicht zu ignorieren sondern zu uberprufen, welche Rolle sie beim Lernen spielen. Hierbei gilt es aber eine ontologische Schwierigkeit zu beachten: Fehler konnen prinzipiell bei jeder Schulerinnenhandlung, d.h. sowohl bei rezeptiven (Lesen, Horen) als auch bei produktiven (Sprechen, Schreiben) Tatigkeiten auftauchen. Sind die Fehler bei letzteren im Produkt offenbar, lassen sich die Fehler beim Lese- oder Horverstehen jedoch ungleich schwieriger beobachten. Die Fehleranalyse konzentriert sich demnach zwangslaufig mehr auf die von den Schulerinnen geschriebenen oder gesprochenen Produkte. Was ist nun der mogliche Ertrag, den eine Fehleranalyse bringen kann? Ellis und Barkhuizen nennen in Anlehnung an Corder die folgenden drei Punkte: Erstens erfullt sie einen padagogischen Zweck2, indem die Unterrichtenden uber die Fehleranalyse herausfinden konnen, mit welchen Aspekten der Zielsprache die Schulerinnen noch Schwierigkeiten haben. Zweitens kann ein Forschungszweck3 erzielt werden. Mithilfe der Daten aus der Fehleranalyse konnen Erkenntnisse zum Zweitspracherwerb gewonnen werden. Ausserdem kann, drittens, ein Lernzweck4 erreicht werden. Dies ist dann der Fall, wenn die Schulerinnen uber die Analyse von Fehlern die Regeln der Zielsprache entdecken. Da fur Padagogen nicht alle Ziele der Fehleranalyse gleich relevant sind, werden im Folgenden besonders die pragmatischen Gesichtspunkte dieser Methode beleuchtet werden, die fur die Planung un

Doktorarbeit / Dissertation aus dem Jahr 2004 im Fachbereich Jura - Medienrecht, Multimediarecht, Urheberrecht, Note: sehr gut, Universitat Wien (Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultat), 115 Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Deutsch, Anmerkungen: Auszeichnung der Wirtschaftskammer Osterreich in der Kategorie "Urheberrecht" im Rahmen des e-day 2004, Abstract: Ziel ist es, das zwischen techn. Schutzmassnahmen und urheberrechtlichen Schranken bestehende Spannungsverhaltnis naher zu beleuchten und generelle Losungsmoglichkeiten fur dieses Kollisionsproblem aufzuzeigen. Einen Schwerpunkt bilden die dbzgl Bestimmungen der UrheberrechtsRL und deren Umsetzung im oUrhG im Rahmen der Novelle 2003. Dem geht zunachst eine Darstellung des Vervielfaltigungsrechts sowie der durch die UrheberrechtsRL bedingten Anderungen desselben voraus. Im Anschluss daran wird die gesetzliche Lizenz der Vervielfaltigung zum eigenen bzw. privaten Gebrauch dargestellt. Ausfuhrlich behandelt werden v.a. die durch die ComputerprogrammRL, DatenbankRL und insbes. die UrheberrechtsRL bedingten Einschrankungen der Privatkopieschranke. Dabei wird insbes. geklart, ob 42 UrhG auch die Herstellung digitaler Kopien zum eigenen Gebrauch abdeckt und welche Anderungen sich in diesem Bereich durch die UrheberrechtsRL insbes. durch den Drei-Stufen-Test, ergeben haben. Ausfuhrlich untersucht wird dabei, ob auch der Download von Musikstucken aus Tauschborsen unter das Privileg der gesetzl. Lizenz der Vervielfaltigung zum privaten Gebrauch gemass 42 UrhG fallt und mithin rechtmassig ist. Es folgt eine Untersuchung der Zulassigkeit des Einsatzes techn. Schutzmassnahmen unter urheberrechtl. Aspekten, wobei zwischen zugangsverhindernden und nutzungsverhindernden Schutzmassnahmen unterschieden wird. Dabei wird auch die Frage behandelt, ob sich die freie Werknutzung der Vervielfaltigung zum privaten Gebrauch als Recht darstellt, aus dem sich ein Anspruch der Nutzer auf die Herstellung von Privatkopien ableiten lie

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2003 im Fachbereich Orientalistik / Sinologie - Chinesisch / China, Note: gut, Universitat Hamburg, Veranstaltung: Kommunikative Strategien in Asien und Afrika, 20 Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Betrachtet man die Bevolkerung Shanghais etwas naher, so wird ziemlich schnell deutlich, dass sie vor allem eins nicht ist: homogen. In der ganzen Stadt wimmelt es nur so vor Fremdsprachen, Dialekten und Aussprachevarianten. Das ist nicht weiter verwunderlich, da Shanghai nicht nur als internationaler Finanzmarkt Investoren, Geschaftsleute, Arbeiter und Glucksritter aus dem In- und Ausland anlockt, sondern auch als Kulturzentrum gilt, und sich daher Kunstler und Freigeister in den Akademien und Bars der Stadt tummeln. Bereits vor der Grundung der Volksrepublik 1949 machten Immigranten zwei Drittel der Stadtbevolkerung Shanghais aus. Vor allem aus den Nachbarprovinzen Jiangsu und Zhejiang, sowie aus Guangdong stromten die Menschen nach Shanghai, um dort vor allem zu wirtschaftlichem Erfolg zu gelangen. Und dieser Trend setzte sich auch nach der Befreiung fort. So wurde in Shanghai eine vielschichtige Sprachgemeinschaft geschaffen, die ihre ganz eigenen Methoden fur das Miteinander geschaffen hat. Sprache dient hier zur sozialen und regionalen Abgrenzung von anderen Gruppen und fordert gleichzeitig die Solidaritat innerhalb der Gemeinschaft. Aber nicht nur Dialekte aus den verschiedenen Regionen Chinas spielen eine grosse Rolle in der Selbstdefinition der Shanghaier. Auch auslandische Sprachen fliessen in den Sprachgebrauch ein und wirken sich auf die soziale Kompetenz eines jeden Burgers aus. Zudem werden wir im Folgenden sehen, dass der Shanghaier ein Meister darin ist, sich seine ganz individuellen Kommunikationssysteme zu erschaffen, und dies vor dem Hintergrund einer auf Veranderung angelegten Stadtbevolkerun

How do young people from immigrant families become engaged in politics? Anja Schmidt-Kleinert examines the case of young Israelis who are actively engaged with the nationalist Yisra'el Beitenu party, led by the Israeli minister of defence, Avigdor Lieberman. She explores how the activists present Israeli citizenship in a way that is exclusionary to non-Jewish citizens and analyses their strategy to actively construct a sense of belonging to Israeli society or, more precisely, to the Jewish collective by (re-)producing the ethno-nationalist discourse.