Written by experts from all over the world, the book comprises the latest applications of mathematical and models in food engineering and fermentation. It provides the fundamentals on statistical methods to solve standard problems associated with food engineering and fermentation technology. Combining theory with a practical, hands-on approach, this book covers key aspects of food engineering. Presenting cuttingedge information, the book is an essential reference on the fundamental concepts associated with food engineering.

This book provides up-to-date information on the state of the art in applications of biotechnological and microbiological tools for protecting the environment. Written by leading international experts, it discusses potential applications of biotechnological and microbiological techniques in solid waste management, wastewater treatment, agriculture, energy and environmental health. This second volume of book "Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology," covers two main topics: bioenergy and environmental health, exploring the latest developments from around the globe regarding applications of biotechnology and microbiology for converting wastes into valuable products and at the same time reducing the environmental pollution resulting from disposal. Wherever possible it also includes real-world examples. Further, it offers advice on which procedures should be followed to achieve satisfactory results, and provides insights that will promote the transition to the sustainable utilization of various waste products.

This book provides up-to-date information on the state of the art in applications of biotechnological and microbiological tools for protecting the environment. Written by leading international experts, it discusses potential applications of biotechnological and microbiological techniques in solid waste management, wastewater treatment, agriculture, energy and environmental health. This first volume of the book "Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology," covers three main topics: Solid waste management, Agriculture utilization and Water treatment technology, exploring the latest developments from around the globe regarding applications of biotechnology and microbiology for converting wastes into valuable products and at the same time reducing the environmental pollution resulting from disposal. Wherever possible it also includes real-world examples. Further, it offers advice on which procedures should be followed to achieve satisfactory results, and provides insights that will promote the transition to the sustainable utilization of various waste products.

This book provides up-to-date information on the state of the art in applications of biotechnological and microbiological tools for protecting the environment. Written by leading international experts, it discusses potential applications of biotechnological and microbiological techniques in solid waste management, wastewater treatment, agriculture, energy and environmental health. This second volume of book "Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology," covers two main topics: bioenergy and environmental health, exploring the latest developments from around the globe regarding applications of biotechnology and microbiology for converting wastes into valuable products and at the same time reducing the environmental pollution resulting from disposal. Wherever possible it also includes real-world examples. Further, it offers advice on which procedures should be followed to achieve satisfactory results, and provides insights that will promote the transition to the sustainable utilization of various waste products.

Governments are setting challenging targets to increase the production of energy and transport fuel from sustainable sources. The emphasis is increasingly on renewable sources including wind, solar, geothermal, biomass based biofuel, photovoltaics or energy recovery from waste. What are the environmental consequences of adopting these other sources? How do these various sources compare to each other? Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources tries to answer these questions based on the universally adopted method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This book introduces the concept and importance of LCA in the framework of renewable energy sources and discusses the key issues in conducting their LCA. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of LCA for some of the most common bioenergy sources such as agricultural production systems for biogas and bioethanol, biogas from grass, biodiesel from palm oil, biodiesel from used cooking oil and animal fat, Jatropha biodiesel, lignocellulosic bioethanol, ethanol from cassava and sugarcane molasses, residential photovoltaic systems, wind energy, microalgal biodiesel, biohydrogen and biomethane. Through real examples, the versatility of LCA is well emphasized. Written by experts all over the globe, the book is a cornucopia of information on LCA of bioenergy systems and provides a platform for stimulation of new ideas and thoughts. The book is targeted at practitioners of LCA and will become a useful tool for researchers working on different aspects of bioenergy.

Governments are setting challenging targets to increase the production of energy and transport fuel from sustainable sources. The emphasis is increasingly on renewable sources including wind, solar, geothermal, biomass based biofuel, photovoltaics or energy recovery from waste. What are the environmental consequences of adopting these other sources? How do these various sources compare to each other? Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources tries to answer these questions based on the universally adopted method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This book introduces the concept and importance of LCA in the framework of renewable energy sources and discusses the key issues in conducting their LCA. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of LCA for some of the most common bioenergy sources such as agricultural production systems for biogas and bioethanol, biogas from grass, biodiesel from palm oil, biodiesel from used cooking oil and animal fat, Jatropha biodiesel, lignocellulosic bioethanol, ethanol from cassava and sugarcane molasses, residential photovoltaic systems, wind energy, microalgal biodiesel, biohydrogen and biomethane. Through real examples, the versatility of LCA is well emphasized. Written by experts all over the globe, the book is a cornucopia of information on LCA of bioenergy systems and provides a platform for stimulation of new ideas and thoughts. The book is targeted at practitioners of LCA and will become a useful tool for researchers working on different aspects of bioenergy.

Written by experts from all over the world, the book comprises the latest applications of mathematical and models in food engineering and fermentation. It provides the fundamentals on statistical methods to solve standard problems associated with food engineering and fermentation technology. Combining theory with a practical, hands-on approach, this book covers key aspects of food engineering. Presenting cuttingedge information, the book is an essential reference on the fundamental concepts associated with food engineering.

Hot Forging is a manufacturing method that is applied to a wide variety of high strength automotive components. To satisfy demands of lower costs and shorter production time, it is essential to monitor the forging process minutely. Advanced process modeling combined with simulation is need of the hour. It leads to the understanding of dynamic materials behavior of the process in a quantitative way. The traditional build-and-test methods of developing a complete manufacturing process are based on experience. The part geometries are generally quite complex and the simpler analytical methods could not handle the task of providing accurate solutions to engineering problems. The numerical methods such as general-purpose finite-element method (FEM) can easily handle large deformation plasticity analysis. The simulation of hot forging operation was carried out at a workpiece temperature of 1250 C and die temperature of 350 C. The optimum aspect ratio is calculated for both types of stock namely, round corner square (RCS) and round type."

The screen house experiments were conducted, taking two crop (viz., Zea mays as first crop and Brassica Juncea as subsequent crop), two metal (Pb @ 180 mg kg-1 soil and Cr @ 20 mg kg-1 soil), Five chelating agent (viz., CDTA, CA, DTPA, NTA @ 10 mmol kg-1 soil in case of Zea mays and 3 mmol kg-1 soil in case of subsequent Brassica juncea and FYM @ 3%) in the sewage sludge unamended and amended (@ 3%) soil to evaluate the effects of chelating agents on phytoextraction of these metals. The dry matter yield of roots of Zea mays increased due to FYM and observed trend was CDTACDTA>DTPA>CA>FYM whereas in case of Brassica juncea it was NTA>CA>CDTA>

Pulp and paper mill ranking fifth among the major industries for water pollution problem in India. Its liquid effluent often discharged in natural habitat impairs the health of ground water, crop & soil and thus poses serious threat to the environment. The land treatment of effluent costs negligible, requires thorough understanding of soil-plant- effluent interaction. In view of this, present study aims to assess the role of land treatment in pollution removal from pulp & paper mill effluent. Three soil column heights viz: 20, 40 and 100 cm for two soil textures ST1(normal soil) and ST2 (normal soil: sand:: 1:1) were taken for the study. Significant reduction in pollutants was found, when effluent was passed through normal soil of 100 cm column height. As the column height reduced, pollutant removal also reduced. Growth of wheat plant was maximum at 50% effluent irrigation at sand mixed soil. Study revealed that 100 cm soil column height resulted best pollutant removal that hampers ground water pollution as well. Thus the land treatment could be profitably practiced in Tarai and Bhawar region of Uttaranchal, where 1 metre thick soil layer is often available.

Countries around the world are experiencing increased levels of air pollution as a result of rapid increase in energy consumption and motor vehicle uses, a product of rapid population and economic growth. Agricultural lands adjacent to urban areas (peri- urban) are increasingly exposed to air pollutants of urban origin, which reduce the crop production. Crop production is highly dependent on environmental conditions, among which air quality is an anthropogenic factor. The air quality of the study site is under threat because concentrations of NO2, SO2 and O3 increased in successive years of observation. Air pollutant concentration present in air has enough potential to cause damage to agricultural crops (both cereal and pulse crops). An increment in fertilizer dose, one and half times of recommended was most suitable to overcome the damage caused due to air pollutants as it significantly increased photosynthetic pigment, plant height, biomass accumulation and yield of both the crop plants and significantly reduced peroxidase activity and phenol content. On individual nutrient basis nitrogen was most responsive to minimize negative effects of air pollutants.

Economic and environmental aspects of energy use continue to hold the attention of the industry as well as policy makers. Relative energy prices are often used as a policy tool to influence energy demand, inter-fuel substitution and energy efficiency, thus also addressing climate change. This book presents an analysis of the inter-fuel substitution in industrial sectors in India using Translog cost functions. Energy use behaviour across industrial sectors can be inferred from the estimated price and substitution elasticities. This work is perhaps the first attempt to use a unique disaggregated energy consumption data for over 1350 firms/plants across 14 industrial sectors. The analysis precedes a review of literature and theoretical models. We estimate separate models for the basket of energy purchased and that finally used in the production process. The estimated price and substitution elasticities are used to assess the impact of a change in energy prices on energy demand and carbon emissions in 14 Indian industries. An analysis of energy efficiency in the Indian cement industry highlights the role of energy prices, choice of technology and scale economies.