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Protein hydrolysates, otherwise commonly known as peptones or
peptides, are used in a wide variety of products in fermentation
and biotechnology industries. The term "peptone" was first
introduced in 1880 by Nagelli for growing bacterial cultures.
However, later it was discovered that peptones derived from the
partial digestion of proteins would furnish organic nitrogen in
readily available form. Ever since, p- tones, which are commonly
known as protein hydrolysates, have been used not only for growth
of microbial cultures, but also as nitrogen source in commercial
fermen- tions using animal cells and recombinant microorganisms for
the production of value added products such as therapeutic
proteins, hormones, vaccines, etc. Today, the characterization,
screening and manufacturing of protein hyd- lysates has become more
sophisticated, with the introduction of reliable analytical
instrumentation, high throughput screening techniques coupled with
statistical design approaches, novel enzymes and efficient
downstream processing equipment. This has enabled the introduction
of custom-built products for specialized appli- tions in diverse
fields of fermentation and biotechnology, such as the following. 1.
Protein hydrolysates are used as much more than a simple nitrogen
source. For example, the productivities of several therapeutic
drugs made by animal cells and recombinant microorganisms have been
markedly increased by use of p- tein hydrolysates. This is
extremely important when capacities are limited. 2. Protein
hydrolysates are employed in the manufacturing of vaccines by ferm-
tation processes and also used as vaccine stabilizers.
A fresh examination of the past successes of natural products as
medicines and their new future from both conventional and new
technologies. High-performance liquid chromatography profiling,
combinatorial synthesis, genomics, proteomics, DNA shuffling,
bioinformatics, and genetic manipulation all now make it possible
to rapidly evaluate the activities of extracts as well as purified
components derived from microbes, plants, and marine organisms. The
authors apply these methods to new natural product drug
discoveries, to microbial diversity, to specific groups of products
(Chinese herbal drugs, antitumor drugs from microbes and plants,
terpenoids, and arsenic compounds), and to specific sources (the
sea, rainforest, and endophytes). These new opportunities show how
research and development trends in the pharmaceutical industry can
advance to include both synthetic compounds and natural products,
and how this paradigm shift can be more productive and efficacious.
Protein hydrolysates, otherwise commonly known as peptones or
peptides, are used in a wide variety of products in fermentation
and biotechnology industries. The term "peptone" was first
introduced in 1880 by Nagelli for growing bacterial cultures.
However, later it was discovered that peptones derived from the
partial digestion of proteins would furnish organic nitrogen in
readily available form. Ever since, p- tones, which are commonly
known as protein hydrolysates, have been used not only for growth
of microbial cultures, but also as nitrogen source in commercial
fermen- tions using animal cells and recombinant microorganisms for
the production of value added products such as therapeutic
proteins, hormones, vaccines, etc. Today, the characterization,
screening and manufacturing of protein hyd- lysates has become more
sophisticated, with the introduction of reliable analytical
instrumentation, high throughput screening techniques coupled with
statistical design approaches, novel enzymes and efficient
downstream processing equipment. This has enabled the introduction
of custom-built products for specialized appli- tions in diverse
fields of fermentation and biotechnology, such as the following. 1.
Protein hydrolysates are used as much more than a simple nitrogen
source. For example, the productivities of several therapeutic
drugs made by animal cells and recombinant microorganisms have been
markedly increased by use of p- tein hydrolysates. This is
extremely important when capacities are limited. 2. Protein
hydrolysates are employed in the manufacturing of vaccines by ferm-
tation processes and also used as vaccine stabilizers.
It is quite amazing that the oldest group of medically useful
antibiotics, the p-Iactams, are still providing basic
microbiologists, biochemists, and clinicians with surprises over 50
years after Fleming's discovery of penicillin production by
Penicillium. By the end of the 1950s, the future of the penicillins
seemed doubtful as resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus began
to increase in hospital populations. However, the development of
semisynthetic penicillins provided new structures with resistance
to penicillinase and with broad-spectrum activity. In the 1960s,
the discovery of cephalosporin C production by Cephalosporium and
its conversion to valuable broad-spectrum antibiotics by
semisynthetic means excited the world of chemotherapy. In the early
1970s, the 40-year-old notion that p-lactams were produced only by
fungi was destroyed by the discovery of cephamycin production by
Streptomyces. Again this basic discovery was exploited by the
development of the semisynthetic cefoxitin, which has even broader
activity than earlier p-lactams. Later in the 1970 s came the
discoveries of nocardicins from Nocardia, clavulanic acid from
Streptomyces, and the carbapenems from Streptomyces. Now in the
1980s we learn that p-lactams are produced even by unicellular
bacteria and that semisynthetic derivatives of these monobactams
may find their way into medicine. Indeed, the future of the
prolific p-lactam family seems brighter with each passing decade.
Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes: Production, Biocatalysis and
Industrial Applications provides a complete survey of the latest
innovations on microbial enzymes, highlighting biotechnological
advances in their production and purification along with
information on successful applications as biocatalysts in several
chemical and industrial processes under mild and green conditions.
Applications of microbial enzymes in food, feed, and pharmaceutical
industries are given particular emphasis. The application of
recombinant DNA technology within industrial fermentation and the
production of enzymes over the last 20 years have produced a host
of useful chemical and biochemical substances. The power of these
technologies results in novel transformations, better enzymes, a
wide variety of applications, and the unprecedented development of
biocatalysts through the ongoing integration of molecular biology
methodology, all of which is covered insightfully and in-depth
within the book.
A fresh examination of the past successes of natural products as
medicines and their new future from both conventional and new
technologies. High-performance liquid chromatography profiling,
combinatorial synthesis, genomics, proteomics, DNA shuffling,
bioinformatics, and genetic manipulation all now make it possible
to rapidly evaluate the activities of extracts as well as purified
components derived from microbes, plants, and marine organisms. The
authors apply these methods to new natural product drug
discoveries, to microbial diversity, to specific groups of products
(Chinese herbal drugs, antitumor drugs from microbes and plants,
terpenoids, and arsenic compounds), and to specific sources (the
sea, rainforest, and endophytes). These new opportunities show how
research and development trends in the pharmaceutical industry can
advance to include both synthetic compounds and natural products,
and how this paradigm shift can be more productive and efficacious.
The 'golden age' for antibiotic discovery, from 1940 until the
early 1970s, ushered in a new era in human- and animal-health and
the associated dramatic increase in human life expectancies. Indeed
the possibility of eradicating infectious disease seemed feasible.
However it soon became apparent that microorganisms wouldn't be
defeated so easily. Their weapon: antibiotic resistance. Today
microbial antibiotic resistance is rapidly exhausting our supply of
effective compounds and making the possibility of a global public
health disaster seems likely. The urgency of this situation has
spawned a plethora of new multi-disciplinary research initiatives
looking for novel antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. In
this timely book respected international experts summarize the most
important research to provide a timely overview of the field.
Opening chapters define 'antibiotic', explain why we need new
compounds, outline the applications of antibiotics, both old and
new, and describe the producing microbes. These are followed by
chapters that cover antibiotic resistance, toxicity, overuse, new
antimicrobial sources, new targets, novel technologies for
antibiotic discovery (e.g. silent gene clusters), lantibiotics,
natural antivirals, new macrolide derivatives, and antibiotics in
the pipeline. This books is essential reading for everyone working
in antimicrobial research in academia, biotechnology companies, and
the pharmaceutical industry and a recommended volume for all
microbiology libraries.
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