With the advancement of computers, the use of modeling to reduce time and expense, and improve process optimization, predictive capability, process automation, and control possibilities, is now an integral part of food science and engineering. New technology and ease of use expands the range of techniques that scientists and researchers have at their disposal making it increasingly important for the user to be aware of and have a good working knowledge of the alternatives. Unique in its scope, the Handbook of Food and Bioprocess Modeling Techniques provides a comprehensive overview of the modeling options available to today's researcher. The book covers a wide range of topics including transport processes, reaction kinetics, probabilistic modeling, data mining, neural network and genetic algorithms. Both mesoscale and macroscale modeling are covered. Each chapter is complete with a clear, succinct description of a specific modeling technique, followed by detailed examples of the utilization, application, benefits, and limitations of the technique described. By having both physics-based and observation-based models explained in one place, the researcher can find not only the most appropriate tool or combination of tools for the application, but also those that best suit the technical expertise of the personnel involved. The book emphasizes problem formulation and explains the choice and structure of the modeling technique from an application point of view, making it exceedingly practical and easy-to-use. The international panel of authors and contributors ensures the quality of the individual chapters and the usefulness of the information across wide-ranging food products and processes. An indispensable resource for the full range of contemporary modeling techniques, the Handbook of Food and Bioprocess Modeling Techniques provides food and bioprocess researchers in industry and academia with an invaluable comprehensive working reference.

The goal of all drying research and development is to develop cost-effective innovative processes that yield high-quality dried products with less energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. With the literature on drying widely scattered, Advanced Drying Technologies for Foods compiles under one cover concise, authoritative, up-to-date assessments of modern drying technologies applied to foods. This book assembles a number of internationally recognized experts to provide critical reviews of advanced drying technologies, their merits and limitations, application areas and research opportunities for further development. Features: Provides critical reviews of advanced drying technologies Discusses the merits and limitations of a variety of food drying technologies Explains drying kinetics, energy consumption and quality of food products Reviews the principles and recent applications of superheated steam drying The first four chapters deal with recent developments in field-assisted drying technologies. These include drying techniques with the utilization of electromagnetic fields to deliver energy required for drying, for example, microwave drying, radio frequency drying, electrohydrodynamic drying, and infrared radiation drying. The remainder of this book covers a wide assortment of recently developed technologies, which include pulse drying, swell drying, impinging stream drying, and selected advances in spray drying. The final chapter includes some innovative technologies which are gaining ground and are covered in depth in a number of review articles and handbooks, and hence covered briefly in the interest completeness. This book is a valuable reference work for researchers in academia as well as industry and will encourage further research and development and innovations in food drying technologies.

Offers information necessary for the development of mathematical models and numerical techniques to solve specific drying problems. The book addresses difficult issues involved with the drying equations of numerical analysis, including mesh generation, discretinization strategies, the nonlinear equation set and the linearized algebraic system, convergance criteria, time step control, experimental validation, optimum methods of visualization results, and more.

Presents Drying Breakthroughs for an Array of Materials

Despite being one of the oldest, most energy-intensive unit operations, industrial drying is perhaps the least scrutinized technique at the microscopic level. Yet in the wake of today s global energy crisis, drying research and development is on the rise.

Following in the footsteps of the widely read first edition, Advanced Drying Technologies, Second Edition is the direct outcome of the recent phenomenal growth in drying literature and new drying hardware. This edition provides an evaluative overview of new and emerging drying technologies, while placing greater emphasis on making the drying process more energy efficient in the green age.

Draws on the Authors 60+ Years of Combined Experience

Fueled by the current energy crisis and growing consumer demand for improved quality products, this thoroughly updated resource addresses cutting-edge drying technologies for numerous materials such as high-valued, heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and some foods. It also introduces innovative techniques, such as heat-pump drying of foods, which allow both industrial practice and research and development projects to save energy, reduce carbon footprints, and thus improve the bottom line.

Four New Chapters:

• Spray-Freeze-Drying
• Fry Drying
• Refractance Window Drying
• Mechanical Thermal Expression

Requiring no prior knowledge of chemical engineering, this single-source reference should assist researchers in turning the laboratory curiosities of today into the revolutionary novel drying technologies of tomorrow.

The Handbook of Postharvest Technology presents methods in the manufacture and supply of grains, fruits, vegetables, and spices. It details the physiology, structure, composition, and characteristics of grains and crops. The text covers postharvest technology through processing, handling, drying and milling to storage, packaging, and distribution. Additionally, it examines cooling and preservation techniques used to maintain the quality and the decrease spoilage and withering of agricultural products.

It is a pleasure to present this volume consisting of a selection of papers presented at the 4th International Drying Symposium (IDS) held in Kyoto, July 9-12, 1984, under the sponsorship of the Society of Chemi cal Engineers, Japan. This book includes full texts of the ten keynote lectures and several papers which were presented in the technical sessions in the 4th IDS. As editors we had the arduous and unpleasant task of selecting papers for this volume. We were delighted with the high quality manuscripts sub mitted. We are grateful to the authors for their efforts in meeting the manuscript guidelines and also the deadlines. Aside from quality, we have attempted to maintain in this volume a balance of coverage in terms of topics as well as geography. Space restrictions prevented us from presenting all the high quality papers for publication in DRYING 85. Numerous papers of archival interest have been released for general publication in international journals. Several will no doubt appear in Drying Technology - An International Journal. Many others will find their way into other standard engineering journals as well. Over 120 papers from 30 countries were included in the Proceedings volumes distributed to all registrants in Kyoto. Numerous individuals, professional societies and organizations have contributed, directly or indirectly, to the success of the 4th IDS and hence to DRYING 85 as well. We wish to acknowledge in particular the monumental efforts of the Secretary of the 4th IDS, Professor M. Okazaki."

Heat and Mass Transfer in Drying of Porous Media offers a comprehensive review of heat and mass transfer phenomena and mechanisms in drying of porous materials. It covers pore-scale and macro-scale models, includes various drying technologies, and discusses the drying dynamics of fibrous porous material, colloidal porous media and size-distributed particle system. Providing guidelines for mathematical modeling and design as well as optimization of drying of porous material, this reference offers useful information for researchers and students as well as engineers in drying technology, food processes, applied energy, mechanical, and chemical engineering.

Heat and Mass Transfer in Drying of Porous Media offers a comprehensive review of heat and mass transfer phenomena and mechanisms in drying of porous materials. It covers pore-scale and macro-scale models, includes various drying technologies, and discusses the drying dynamics of fibrous porous material, colloidal porous media and size-distributed particle system. Providing guidelines for mathematical modeling and design as well as optimization of drying of porous material, this reference offers useful information for researchers and students as well as engineers in drying technology, food processes, applied energy, mechanical, and chemical engineering.

With the advancement of computers, the use of modeling to reduce time and expense, and improve process optimization, predictive capability, process automation, and control possibilities, is now an integral part of food science and engineering. New technology and ease of use expands the range of techniques that scientists and researchers have at their disposal making it increasingly important for the user to be aware of and have a good working knowledge of the alternatives.

Unique in its scope, the Handbook of Food and Bioprocess Modeling Techniques provides a comprehensive overview of the modeling options available to today's researcher. The book covers a wide range of topics including transport processes, reaction kinetics, probabilistic modeling, data mining, neural network and genetic algorithms. Both mesoscale and macroscale modeling are covered. Each chapter is complete with a clear, succinct description of a specific modeling technique, followed by detailed examples of the utilization, application, benefits, and limitations of the technique described. By having both physics-based and observation-based models explained in one place, the researcher can find not only the most appropriate tool or combination of tools for the application, but also those that best suit the technical expertise of the personnel involved. The book emphasizes problem formulation and explains the choice and structure of the modeling technique from an application point of view, making it exceedingly practical and easy-to-use. The international panel of authors and contributors ensures the quality of the individual chapters and the usefulness of the information across wide-ranging food products andprocesses.

An indispensable resource for the full range of contemporary modeling techniques, the Handbook of Food and Bioprocess Modeling Techniques provides food and bioprocess researchers in industry and academia with an invaluable comprehensive working reference.

Drying is an important unit operation used in industry for processing and preservation of food products. Although a large volume of technical literature is available on drying of foods, it is still challenging for scientists and engineers to improve continuously upon the quality of dried products and existing drying systems. This book will aid processors in their search for cost-effective and energy-efficient drying techniques allowing them to succeed commercially in their ventures as well as to fulfill consumer-demand for high-quality products. Drying Technologies for Foods contains state-of-the art knowledge on several key aspects of drying ranging from fundamental principles, classification and selection, different types of conventional and modern techniques, drying of different food materials, advances in packaging of dried products, control and safety, energy calculation, modeling to advances in food drying. Comprehensive yet concise chapters cover different types of drying technologies; this book describes freeze, heat pump, spray, superheated steam, microwave drying and many other drying technologies. Discussion of specific food-related drying including drying of fruit, leather, medicinal herbs, cocoa and coffee beans, mushroom, and protein among others are covered in the book. Chapters are also presented on quality of dried food such as degradation mechanism and kinetics of vitamin C, antioxidants, delinquencies and caking phenomena. Control and safety, energy calculations, modeling are also included with emphasis on industrial applications. Artificial Neural Networks and computational modeling techniques as well as application of computer vision in food drying followed by a chapter on advances in food dryer are covered in some detail, again highlighting potential applications.

Over the past three decades, societal demands have resulted in extremely compact yet powerful electronic devices. Due to increased packaging density, improved performance of electronic devices has caused continuing increase in power dissipation of systems. Hence, effective thermal management or cooling of the electronic devices is a key to ensure their reliable and efficient performance. Considering the limitation of air-cooling method, other cooling techniques have to be carried out to meet the requirement. Several new approaches for electronic cooling were proposed and investigated numerically and experimentally in this book. The methods include introduction of tree-shaped microchannel network in heat sink designs, addition of phase change materials, and use of nanofluids. Results demonstrated that the new approaches have high potential in thermal management of micro-electronic components. This work contributes to a more fundamental understanding of the three methods to improve current state-of-the-art electronic cooling management.

Thermal design in electronics cooling is to achieve effective heat removal to increase reliability and life of the components and systems. This book focuses on cooling of a Flip Chip (FC) package without the use of phase change materials(PCM). A numerical thermal model was developed and validated. CFD Simulation is performed for PCM and non-PCM based material studies. Relevant thermal performance data were obtained to show the effects of thermal interface material, lid, heat sink and process variables. Excellent agreement found between the numerical and the measured data. A novel PCM-based passive thermal control of electronic devices was investigated experimentally. A tall enclosure with uniform/discrete heat sources applied on sides for PCM melting and another with a PCM-filled heat sink setup developed and tested. PCM-based cooling technique is attractive thermal concept for transient applications. Effects of various parameters on melting/freezing times were studied. Flow visualization experiments were also made to determine the PCM melting rates. Finally, a 2D numerical study was conducted to compare simulation results with experimental data.

By far the most commonly encountered and energy-intensive unit operation in almost all industrial sectors, industrial drying continues to attract the interest of scientists, researchers, and engineers. The Handbook of Industrial Drying, Fourth Edition not only delivers a comprehensive treatment of the current state of the art, but also serves as a consultative reference for streamlining industrial drying operations. New to the Fourth Edition: Computational fluid dynamic simulation Solar, impingement, and pulse combustion drying Drying of fruits, vegetables, sugar, biomass, and coal Physicochemical aspects of sludge drying Life-cycle assessment of drying systems Covering commonly encountered dryers as well as innovative dryers with future potential, the Handbook of Industrial Drying, Fourth Edition not only details the latest developments in the field, but also explains how improvements in dryer design and operation can increase energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness.