This book summarizes years of research in the field of fuzzy relational programming, with a special emphasis on geometric models. It discusses the state-of-the-art in fuzzy relational geometric problems, together with key open issues that must be resolved to achieve a more efficient application of this method. Though chiefly based on research conducted by the authors, who were the first to introduce fuzzy geometric problems, it also covers important findings obtained in the field of linear and non-linear programming. Thanks to its balance of basic and advanced concepts, and its wealth of practical examples, the book offers a valuable guide for both newcomers and experienced researcher in the fields of soft computing and mathematical optimization.

In recent years, systems biology seems to have encountered insurmountable obstacles. Precision medicine faces the problem of integration in disease regulation, despite the establishment of biomarker systems and the continuous discovery of new targeted drugs. Towards Holistic Medicine explores the development of modern medicine and the future medical model in the broader perspective of Chinese and Western medicine, biology, and even the methodological evolution of natural science in recent centuries. The book discusses how modern medicine will move past systems biology and precision medicine and toward holistic medicine.

This basic book has been used at the middle schools in Shanghai, China for more than 10 years. The book presents carefully-selected contents in order to achieve the roles of enlightenment and popularization. It mainly includes: Chapter 1: Human Brains, Computers and Fuzzy Mathematics; Chapter 2: Matrix, Fuzzy Relations and Fuzzy Matrix; Chapter 3: Fuzzy Control; Chapter 4: Fuzzy Statistics and Fuzzy Probability and Chapter 5: Fuzzy Linear Programming. It includes at the end of each chapter concise, interesting and profound reading and thinking materials, and a certain amount of exercises so as to make it an informative and interesting textbook. This book can be used not only as a textbook in senior middle schools, and in vocational colleges, but also as a primer for individually learning fuzzy mathematics.

Fuzzy geometric programming was originated by the author in the Proceed ing of the second IFSA conferences, 1987(Tokyo) 14 years ago. Later, the paper was invited for formal publication in the International Journal of Fuzzy Sets and Systems. From then on, more and more papers have been written by scholars all over the world who have been interested in its research. So this programming method has been acknowledged by experts and has gradually formed a new branch of fuzzy mathematics. lnspired by Zadeh's fuzzy sets theory, fuzzy geometric programming emerges from the combination of fuzzy sets theory with geometric programming, where models are built in the fuzzy posynomial and the reverse geometric program ming. The present book is intended to discuss fuzziness of objective function and constraint conditions, a variety of fuzzy numbers in coefficients and vari ables and problems about multi-objective fuzzy geometric programming. It establishes and rounds out an entire theory system, showing that there exist conditions of fuzzy optimal or most satisfactory solutions in fuzzy geometric ptogramming, and it develops some effective algorithms. In order to introduce this new branch, the book aims at the exposition of three points: encompassing ideas and conception, theory and methods, and diffusion and application. lt lays more emphasis on the second point than the first one, and less on the third. Besides, it introduces some knowledge of classical geometric programming and of fuzzy sets theory and application examples of fuzzy geometric programming in electric power systems as weil."

PCR Cloning Protocols, Second Edition, updates and expands Bruce White's best-selling PCR Cloning Protocols (1997) with the newest procedures for DNA cloning and mutagenesis. Here the researcher will find readily reproducible methods for all the major aspects of PCR use, including PCR optimization, computer programs for PCR primer design and analysis, and novel variations for cloning genes of special characteristics or origin, with emphasis on long distance PCR and GC-rich template amplification. Also included are both conventional and novel enzyme-free and restriction site-free procedures to clone PCR products into a range of vectors, as well as state-of-the-art protocols to facilitate DNA mutagenesis and recombination, and to clone the challenging uncharacterized DNA flanking a known DNA fragment.

I originated a submission titled "Fuzzy Geometric Programming" for the Proceeding of the Second International Fuzzy Systems Association (IFSA) Congress (Tokyo) in 1987, and later published through rigorous selection in Fuzzy Sets and Systems. In 1989, I brought up"Study on non-distinct se- regression forecast model" for discussion by using Zadeh's theory on fuzzy sets. From then on, I have done researches on an optimal model with fuzzy informationquantities. In the book, Iregardthe modelwith fuzzy quantities, including fuzzy coe?cients and fuzzy variables, as a main line, introducing the molding of various problems and their practical examples, completely and clearly, in some ?elds. Many of my papers are indexed in SCI (Science Citation Index), EI (Engineering Index) and ISTP (Index to Scienti?c & Technical Proceedings), commented or extracted in American Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt Math. The researching and writing have been funded by the National Na- ral Science Foundation of China for three times (1997, 2003, 2008). At the same time, it is supported by the Science and Technology Project of - nan Province, the Science Research Foundation of Changsha Electric Power University,"211 Project"Foundation of Shantou University and Li Ka-Shing Science Development Foundation of Shantou University, and Scienti?c - search Foundation of Guangzhou University. The research project won the ThirdAwardofGuangdongScienceandTechnologyAwardedbytheGove- ment of Guangdong Province (2005) and Third Award of Excellent Papers in Natural Science by it (2003), successively. The book contains ten chapters as follows: Chapter 1. Prepare Knowledge; Chapter2. RegressionandSelf-regressionModelswith FuzzyCoe?cients; Chapter 3.

This book includes 70 selected papers from the Ninth International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE) Satellite, which was held on December 26-30, 2018; and from the 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIAE), which was held on February 13-15, 2019. The two conferences presented the latest research in the areas of fuzzy information and engineering, operational research and management, and their applications.

This basic book has been used at the middle schools in Shanghai, China for more than 10 years. The book presents carefully-selected contents in order to achieve the roles of enlightenment and popularization. It mainly includes: Chapter 1: Human Brains, Computers and Fuzzy Mathematics; Chapter 2: Matrix, Fuzzy Relations and Fuzzy Matrix; Chapter 3: Fuzzy Control; Chapter 4: Fuzzy Statistics and Fuzzy Probability and Chapter 5: Fuzzy Linear Programming. It includes at the end of each chapter concise, interesting and profound reading and thinking materials, and a certain amount of exercises so as to make it an informative and interesting textbook. This book can be used not only as a textbook in senior middle schools, and in vocational colleges, but also as a primer for individually learning fuzzy mathematics.

This book presents the latest advances in applying fuzzy sets and operations research technology and methods. It is the first fuzzy mathematics textbook for students in high school and technical secondary schools. Part of Springer's book series: Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, it includes the 36 best papers from the Ninth International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE2017), organized by the Fuzzy Information and Engineering Branch of Operations Research Society of China and Operations Research Society of Guangdong Province in China. Every paper has been carefully peer-reviewed by leading experts. The areas covered include 1. Fuzzy Measure and Integral; 2. Fuzzy Topology and Algebras; 3. Classification and Recognition; 4. Control and Fuzziness; 5. Extension of Fuzzy Set and System; 6. Operations Research and Management (OR); The book is suitable for college, masters and doctoral students; educators in universities, colleges, middle and primary schools teaching mathematics, fuzzy sets and systems, operations research, information and engineering, as well as management, control. Discussing case applications, it is also a valuable reference resource for professionals interested in theoretical and practical research.

This book introduces applications of mathematics and fuzzy mathematics in decision science, fuzzy geometric programming and fuzzy optimization as well as operations research and management, based on 44 research papers presented at three successful conferences: (1) The International Conference on Mathematics and Decision Science (ICMDS), September 12-15, 2016, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China (www.icodm2020.com). (2) Academic Conference on 30th Anniversary of Fuzzy Geometric Programming Advanced by Professor Cao Bingyuan and his 40 education years (ACFGPACE), July 30 to August 1, 2016, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China. (3) The third annual meeting of Guangdong Operational Research Society (TAMGORS), October 22-23, 2016, Foshan University, Guangdong, China. The book is a valuable resource for students, graduates, teachers and other professionals in the field of applied mathematics, artificial intelligence and computers, fuzzy systems and dec ision-making, as well as operations research and management.

This proceedings book presents edited results of the eighth International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE'2015) and on Oriental Thinking and Fuzzy Logic, in August 17-20, 2015, in Dalian, China. The book contains 65 high-quality papers and is divided into six main parts: "Fuzzy Information Processing", "Fuzzy Engineering", "Internet and Big Data Applications", "Factor Space and Factorial Neural Networks", "Information Granulation and Granular Computing" as well as "Extenics and Innovation Methods".

This book includes results of the seventh International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE'2014) and the 1st International Conference of Operations Research and Management (ICORM'2014) on November 7-11, 2014 in ZhuHai, China. The book, contains 35 selected high-quality papers, and is divided into five main parts: Part I focuses on ``Fuzzy Systems and Its Applications", Part II on ``Fuzzy Mathematics and Its Applications", Part III discusses ``Fuzzy Information and Computer", Part IV is devoted to ``Operations Research and Management and Its Applications" and Part V includes various other topics.

"Ecosystem Assessment and Fuzzy Systems Management" is the edited outcome of the 3rd International Conference on Ecosystem Assessment Management (ICEAM) and the Workshop on the Construction of an Early Warning Platform for Eco-tourism (WCEWPE) in Hainan on May 5-12, 2013, Haikou, China. The 3rd ICEAM and the WCEWPE, built on the success of previous conferences, are major Symposiums for scientists, engineers and logistic management researchers presenting their the latest achievements, developments and applications in all areas of Ecosystem Assessment Management, Early Warning Platform for Eco-tourism and fuzziology. It aims to strengthen relations between industry research laboratories and universities, and to create a primary symposium for world scientists. The book, containing 47 papers, is divided into five parts: "Ecosystem Assessment, Management and Information"; "Intelligent Algorithm, Fuzzy Optimization and Engineering Application"; "Spatial Data Analysis and Intelligent Information Processing"; "Tourism Culture, Development and Planning" and "Application of Operations Research and Fuzzy Systems."

Fuzzy geometric programming was originated by the author in the Proceed ing of the second IFSA conferences, 1987(Tokyo) 14 years ago. Later, the paper was invited for formal publication in the International Journal of Fuzzy Sets and Systems. From then on, more and more papers have been written by scholars all over the world who have been interested in its research. So this programming method has been acknowledged by experts and has gradually formed a new branch of fuzzy mathematics. lnspired by Zadeh's fuzzy sets theory, fuzzy geometric programming emerges from the combination of fuzzy sets theory with geometric programming, where models are built in the fuzzy posynomial and the reverse geometric program ming. The present book is intended to discuss fuzziness of objective function and constraint conditions, a variety of fuzzy numbers in coefficients and vari ables and problems about multi-objective fuzzy geometric programming. It establishes and rounds out an entire theory system, showing that there exist conditions of fuzzy optimal or most satisfactory solutions in fuzzy geometric ptogramming, and it develops some effective algorithms. In order to introduce this new branch, the book aims at the exposition of three points: encompassing ideas and conception, theory and methods, and diffusion and application. lt lays more emphasis on the second point than the first one, and less on the third. Besides, it introduces some knowledge of classical geometric programming and of fuzzy sets theory and application examples of fuzzy geometric programming in electric power systems as weil."

I originated a submission titled "Fuzzy Geometric Programming" for the Proceeding of the Second International Fuzzy Systems Association (IFSA) Congress (Tokyo) in 1987, and later published through rigorous selection in Fuzzy Sets and Systems. In 1989, I brought up"Study on non-distinct se- regression forecast model" for discussion by using Zadeh's theory on fuzzy sets. From then on, I have done researches on an optimal model with fuzzy informationquantities. In the book, Iregardthe modelwith fuzzy quantities, including fuzzy coe?cients and fuzzy variables, as a main line, introducing the molding of various problems and their practical examples, completely and clearly, in some ?elds. Many of my papers are indexed in SCI (Science Citation Index), EI (Engineering Index) and ISTP (Index to Scienti?c & Technical Proceedings), commented or extracted in American Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt Math. The researching and writing have been funded by the National Na- ral Science Foundation of China for three times (1997, 2003, 2008). At the same time, it is supported by the Science and Technology Project of - nan Province, the Science Research Foundation of Changsha Electric Power University,"211 Project"Foundation of Shantou University and Li Ka-Shing Science Development Foundation of Shantou University, and Scienti?c - search Foundation of Guangzhou University. The research project won the ThirdAwardofGuangdongScienceandTechnologyAwardedbytheGove- ment of Guangdong Province (2005) and Third Award of Excellent Papers in Natural Science by it (2003), successively. The book contains ten chapters as follows: Chapter 1. Prepare Knowledge; Chapter2. RegressionandSelf-regressionModelswith FuzzyCoe?cients; Chapter 3.

PCR Cloning Protocols, Second Edition, updates and expands Bruce White's best-selling PCR Cloning Protocols (1997) with the newest procedures for DNA cloning and mutagenesis. Here the researcher will find readily reproducible methods for all the major aspects of PCR use, including PCR optimization, computer programs for PCR primer design and analysis, and novel variations for cloning genes of special characteristics or origin, with emphasis on long distance PCR and GC-rich template amplification. Also included are both conventional and novel enzyme-free and restriction site-free procedures to clone PCR products into a range of vectors, as well as state-of-the-art protocols to facilitate DNA mutagenesis and recombination, and to clone the challenging uncharacterized DNA flanking a known DNA fragment.

The Second International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE2007), built on the success of previous conferences, the ICIKE2002 (Dalian China), is a major symposium for scientists, engineers and practitioners in China as well as the world to present their latest results, ideas, developments and applications in all areas of fuzzy information and knowledge engineering. It aims to strengthen relations between industry research laboratories and universities, and to create a primary symposium for world scientists in fuzzy fields such as Fuzzy Information, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Soft Computing, Fuzzy Engineering, Fuzzy Operation Research and Management, Artificial Intelligence, Rough Sets and Its Application, Application in Fuzzy Mathematics and Systems, etc.

This book presents the necessary and essential backgrounds of fuzzy set theory and linear programming, particularly a broad range of common Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) models and related, convenient solution techniques. These models and methods belong to three common classes of fuzzy linear programming, namely: (i) FLP problems in which all coefficients are fuzzy numbers, (ii) FLP problems in which the right-hand-side vectors and the decision variables are fuzzy numbers, and (iii) FLP problems in which the cost coefficients, the right-hand-side vectors and the decision variables are fuzzy numbers. The book essentially generalizes the well-known solution algorithms used in linear programming to the fuzzy environment. Accordingly, it can be used not only as a textbook, teaching material or reference book for undergraduate and graduate students in courses on applied mathematics, computer science, management science, industrial engineering, artificial intelligence, fuzzy information processes, and operations research, but can also serve as a reference book for researchers in these fields, especially those engaged in optimization and soft computing. For textbook purposes, it also includes simple and illustrative examples to help readers who are new to the field.

Fuzzy Information & Engineering and Operations Research & Management is the monograph from submissions by the 6th International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE2012, Iran) and by the 6th academic conference from Fuzzy Information Engineering Branch of Operation Research Society of China (FIEBORSC2012, Shenzhen, China). It is published by Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing (AISC). We have received more than 300 submissions. Each paper of it has undergone a rigorous review process. Only high-quality papers are included in it containing papers as follows:

I Programming and Optimization.

II Lattice and Measures.

III Algebras and Equation.

IV Forecasting, Clustering and Recognition.

V Systems and Algorithm.

VI Graph and Network. VII Others.

"Fuzzy Engineering and Operations Research" is the edited outcome of the 5th International Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ICFIE2011) held during Oct. 15-17, 2011 in Chengdu, China and by the 1st academic conference in establishment of Guangdong Province Operations Research Society (GDORSC) held on Oct. 20, 2011 in Guangzhou, China. The 5th ICFIE2011, built on the success of previous conferences, and the GDORC, first held, are major Symposiums, respectively, for scientists, engineers practitioners and Operation Research (OR) researchers presenting their updated results, developments and applications in all areas of fuzzy information and engineering and OR. It aims to strengthen relations between industry research laboratories and universities, and to create a primary symposium for world scientists in Fuzziology and OR fields. The book contains 62 papers and is divided into five main parts: "Fuzzy Optimization, Logic and Information," "The mathematical Theory of Fuzzy Systems," "Fuzzy Engineering Applications and Soft Computing Methods," "OR and Fuzziology" and "Guess and Review.""

Admittedly, the notion "intelligence or intelligent computing" has been around us for several decades, implicitly indicating any non-conventional methods of solving complex system problems such as expert systems and intelligent control techniques that mimic human skill and replace human operators for automation. Various kinds of intelligent methods have been suggested, phenomenological or ontological, and we have been witnessing quite successful applications. On the other hand, "Soft Computing Techniques" is the concept coined by Lot? Zadeh, referring to "a set of approaches of computing which parallels the remarkable ability of the human mind to reason and learn in an environment of uncertainty, imprecision and partial truth. " Such a notion is well contrasted with the conventionalbinary logic based hard c- puting and has been effectively utilized with the guiding principle of "exploiting the tolerance for uncertainty, imprecision and partial truth to achieve tractability, - bustness and low solution cost. " The soft computing techniques are often employed as the technical entities in a tool box with tools being FL, ANN, Rough Set, GA etc. Based on one's intuition and experience, an engineer can build and realize hum- like systems by smartly mixing proper technical tools effectivelyand ef?ciently in a wide range of ?elds. For some time, the soft computing techniques are also referred to as intelligent computing tools.

Thisbookistheproceedingsofthe5thAnnualConferenceonFuzzyInfor- tionandEngineering(ACFIE2010)fromSep. 23-27,2010in Huludao, China. The conference proceedings is published by Springer-Verlag (Advances in - telligent and Soft Computing, ISSN: 1867-5662). Thisyear, wehavereceivedmorethan191submissions.Eachpaperhas- dergonearigorousreviewprocess.Onlyhigh-qualitypapersareincluded.The 5thAnnualConferenceonFuzzyInformationandEngineering(ACFIE2010), built on the success of previous conferences, the ACFIE2005 (Guangzhou, China), is a major symposium for scientists, engineers and practitioners in China to present their updated results, ideas, developments and applications in all areas of fuzzy information and engineering. It aims to strengthen re- tions between industry research laboratories and universities, and to create a primary symposium for world scientistsinfuzzy?eldsasfollows: 1) The mathematical theory of fuzzy systems; 2) Fuzzy logic, systems and control; 3) Fuzzy optimization and decision-making; 4) Fuzzy information, identi?cation and clustering; 5) Fuzzy engineering application and soft computing method; etc. This book contains 89 papers, divided into ?ve main parts: In Section I, we have 15 papers on "the mathematical theory of fuzzy systems." In Section II, we have 15 papers on "fuzzy logic, systems and control." In Section III, we have 24 papers on "fuzzy optimization and decisi- making." In Section IV, we have 17 papers on "fuzzy information, identi?cation and clustering." In SectionV, wehave18 papers on"fuzzy engineeringapplicationandsoft computing method." VI Preface In addition to the large number of submissions, we are blessed with the presence of eight renowned keynote speakers and several distinguished p- elists and we shall organize workshops.

This book is the proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ACFIE2008) from Dec. 5-10, 2008 in Haikou, China. The conf- ence proceedingsis published by Springer-Verlag(Advancesin Soft Computing, ISSN: 1615-3871). This year, we have received 155 submissions. Each paper has undergone a rigorous review process. Only high-quality papers are included. The Third Annual Conference on Fuzzy Information and Engineering (ACFIE2008), built on the success of previous conferences, the ACFIE2005 (Guangzhou, China), is a major symposium for scientists, engineers and practitioners in China to present their updated results, ideas, devel- ments and applications in all areas of fuzzy information and engineering. It aims to strengthen relations between industry research laboratoriesand universities, and to c- ate a primary symposium for world scientists in fuzzy ?elds as follows: 1) Fuzzy intelligence, neural networks and optimal; 2) Fuzzy algebra; 3) Fuzzy analysis; 4) Fuzzy systems and logic; 5) Fuzzy topology and measure; 6)Fuzzy probability, control, forecasting and decision-making; 7) Fuzzy clustering and fuzzy algorithms; 8) Application in fuzzy sets; 9) Rough sets and its application; etc. This book contains 80 papers, divided into nine main parts: In Section I, we have 9 papers on "fuzzy intelligence, neural networks and optimal." In Section II, we have 11 papers on "fuzzy algebra." In Section III, we have 9 papers on "fuzzy analysis." In Section IV, we have 9 papers on "fuzzy systems and logic." In Section V, we have 9 papers on "fuzzy topology and measure."