We live in world increasingly shaped by risk, a fact underscored by recent events in the financial markets, science and technology, environmental policy and biosecurity, law enforcement and criminal justice. Risk assessment has become a central concern of governments, organisations and the professions, and the communication of risk is a crucial part of professional work. Exploring how risk is discursively constructed across these domains is therefore central to our understanding of how professional practice affects people's lives. Communicating Risk takes up this challenge, with contributions from leading researchers and practitioners that examine key issues of risk communication across diverse professional domains.

This volume presents mayor contributions of Applied Linguistics to the understanding of communications in the professions. The first two parts of this book deal with the theoretical and methodological orientations of professional communication studies, the history and development professional communication studies, highlighting the discursive turn of Applied Linguistic research that goes far beyond the established paradigm of Language for Specific Purposes. The third part - the core of this book - presents research into professional practices from various domains (e.g. law, healthcare, business and management, organizations), sites of engagement (as e.g. lawyer-client-conference, doctor-patient interaction) and with respect to different themes that are generalizable across domains and sites (as e.g. communicative aspects of action and practice, of assessment and appraisal). In the final part, professionals from various domains evaluate the contribution to their work so far made by Applied Linguistics. Key features: collects international researchers from different traditions in a single compendium combines an up-to-date overview with cutting-edge research interdisciplinary nature of the volume

It is increasingly held that international commercial arbitration is becoming colonized by litigation. This book addresses, in a range of ways and from various locations and sites, those aspects of arbitration practice that are considered crucial for its integrity as an institution and its independence as a professional practice. The chapters offer multiple perspectives on the major issues in play, highlighting challenges facing the institution of arbitration, and identifying opportunities available for its development as an institution. The evidence of arbitration practice presented is set against the background of practitioner perceptions and experience from more than 20 countries. The volume will serve as a useful resource for all scholars and practitioners interested in the institution of arbitration and its professional practices.

Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices offers an innovative and multidisciplinary approach to writing in a variety of academic and professional settings. The book is composed of a series of original research-based accounts by leading authorities from a range of disciplines. The papers are linked through a unifying perspective which emphasises the role of cultural and institutional practices in the construction and interpretation of written texts. This important new book integrates different approaches to text analysis, different perspectives on writing processes, and the different methodologies used to research written texts. Throughout,an explicit link is made between research and practice illustrated with reference to a number of case studies drawn from professional and classroom contexts. The book will be of considerable interest to those concerned with professional or academic writing and will be of particular value to students and lecturers in applied linguistics, communication studies, discourse analysis, and professional communications training. The contributors to this volume are: Robert J. Barrett Vijay K. Bhatia Christopher N. Candlin Yu-Ying Chang Sandra Gollin Ken Hyland Roz Ivanic Mary R. Lea Ian G. Malcolm John Milton Greg Myers Guenter A. Plum Brian Street John M. Swales Sue Weldon Patricia Wright

Process and Experience in the Language Classroom argues the case for communicative language teaching as an experiential and task driven learning process. The authors raise important questions regarding the theoretical discussion of communicative competence and current classroom practice. They propose ways in which Communicative Language Teaching should develop within an educational model of theory and practice, incorporating traditions of experimental and practical learning and illustrated from a wide range of international sources. Building on a critical review of recent language teaching principles and practice, they provide selection criteria for classroom activities based on a typology of communicative tasks drawn from classroom experience. The authors also discuss practical attempts to utilise project tasks both as a means of realising task based language learning and of redefining the roles of teacher and learner within a jointly constructed curriculum.

Language Awareness in the Classroom addresses the central educational question of the impact that explicit language knowledge has on learning and language learning. A substantial Introduction defines the issues and key concepts and relates them to contemporary educational policy and practice in Europe and internationally. The papers are organised into four thematic sections: the extent and nature of language awareness in teacher education; school-based language awareness programmes; tertiary education initiatives and modes of evaluation of language awareness programmes.

It is increasingly held that international commercial arbitration is becoming colonized by litigation. This book addresses, in a range of ways and from various locations and sites, those aspects of arbitration practice that are considered crucial for its integrity as an institution and its independence as a professional practice. The chapters offer multiple perspectives on the major issues in play, highlighting challenges facing the institution of arbitration, and identifying opportunities available for its development as an institution. The evidence of arbitration practice presented is set against the background of practitioner perceptions and experience from more than 20 countries. The volume will serve as a useful resource for all scholars and practitioners interested in the institution of arbitration and its professional practices.

The empirical and descriptive strengths of sociolinguistics, developed over more than 40 years of research, have not been matched by an active engagement with theory. Yet, over this time, social theorising has taken important new turns, linked in many ways to linguistic and discursive concerns. Sociolinguistics and Social Theory is the first book to explore the interface between sociolinguistic analysis and modern social theory. The book sets out to reunite sociolinguistics with the concepts and perspectives of several of the most influential modern theorists of society and social action, including Bakhtin, Foucault, Habermas, Sacks, Goffman, Bourdieu and Giddens. In eleven newly commissioned chapters, leading sociolinguists reappraise the theoretical framing of their research, reaching out beyond conventional limits. The authors propose significant new orientations to key sociolinguistic themes, including- - social motivations for language variation and change - language, power and authority - language and ageing - language, race and class - language planning In substantial introductory and concluding chapters, the editors and invited discussants reassess the boundaries of sociolinguistic theory and the priorities of sociolinguistic methods. Sociolinguistics and Social Theory encourages students and researchers of sociolinguistics to be more reflexively aware and critical of the social bases of their analyses and invites a reasessment of the place sociolinguistics occupies in the social sciences generally.

The volume presents a set of invited papers based on analyses of legal discourse drawn from a number of international contexts where often the English language and legal culture has had to adjust to legal concepts very different from those of the English law system. Many of the papers were inspired by two major projects on legal language and inter-multiculturality: Generic Integrity in Legislative Discourse in Multilingual and Multicultural Contexts based in Hong Kong and carried out by an international team and Interculturality in Domain-specific English, a national project supported by the Italian Ministry for Education and Research, involving research units from five Italian universities.

This volume explores intercultural communication in specialist fields and its realisations in language for specific purposes. Special attention is given to legal, commercial, political and institutional discourse used in particular workplaces, analysed from an intercultural perspective. The contributions explore to what extent intercultural pressure leads to particular discourse patternings and lexico-grammatical/phonological realisations, and also the extent to which textual re-encoding and recontextualisation alter the pragmatic value of the texts taken into consideration.

This special issue identifies three interrelated constructs--discourse, expertise, and the definition and management of risk--located in various healthcare sites: genetic counseling, nursing, and medical practice. The papers highlight the relationship between the management of risk situations and the nature of expertise displayed or achieved by practitioners and their patients/clients. The papers suggest that healthcare outcomes can be related closely to the quality of the discoursal encounters between professional practitioners and their patients/clients, and/or among professional practitioners themselves. Presenting differentiated goals and outcomes from a range of professional encounters, the research focuses on the resource of discoursal strategies drawn upon in the achievement of discoursal and professional goals by both professional and lay participants.

The empirical and descriptive strengths of sociolinguistics, developed over more than 40 years of research, have not been matched by an active engagement with theory. Yet, over this time, social theorising has taken important new turns, linked in many ways to linguistic and discursive concerns. Sociolinguistics and Social Theory is the first book to explore the interface between sociolinguistic analysis and modern social theory.
Nikolas Coupland is Professor and Director of the Centre for Language and Communication Research, Cardiff University. Srikant Sarangi is Reader in Language and Communication at the Centre for Language and Communication Research, Cardiff University, and Christopher N. Candlin is Chair Professor of Applied Linguistics and Director of the Centre for English Language Education and Communication Research, City University of Hong Kong.

The book sets out to reunite sociolinguistics with the concepts and perspectives of several of the most influential modern theorists of society and social action, including Bakhtin, Foucault, Habermas, Sacks, Goffman, Bourdieu and Giddens. In eleven newly commissioned chapters, leading sociolinguists reappraise the theoretical framing of their research, reaching out beyond conventional limits. The authors propose significant new orientations to key sociolinguistic themes, including:
- social motivations for language variation and change
- language, power and authority
- language and ageing
- language, race and class
- language planning
In substantial introductory and concluding chapters, the editors and invited discussants reassess the boundaries of sociolinguistic theory and the priorities ofsociolinguistic methods. Sociolinguistics and Social Theory encourages students and researchers of sociolinguistics to be more reflexively aware and critical of the social bases of their analyses and invites a reasessment of the place sociolinguistics occupies in the social sciences generally.

Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices offers an innovative and multidisciplinary approach to writing in a variety of academic and professional settings. The book is composed of a series of original research-based accounts by leading authorities from a range of disciplines. The papers are linked through a unifying perspective which emphasises the role of cultural and institutional practices in the construction and interpretation of written texts. This important new book integrates different approaches to text analysis, different perspectives on writing processes, and the different methodologies used to research written texts. Throughout,an explicit link is made between research and practice illustrated with reference to a number of case studies drawn from professional and classroom contexts. The book will be of considerable interest to those concerned with professional or academic writing and will be of particular value to students and lecturers in applied linguistics, communication studies, discourse analysis, and professional communications training. The contributors to this volume are: Robert J. Barrett Vijay K. Bhatia Christopher N. Candlin Yu-Ying Chang Sandra Gollin Ken Hyland Roz Ivanic Mary R. Lea Ian G. Malcolm John Milton Greg Myers Guenter A. Plum Brian Street John M. Swales Sue Weldon Patricia Wright

Second Language Learning is an up-to-date survey and analysis of second language acquisition theory, from the early seventies through to the present day. It discusses the development of ideas in this expanding area of language study and looks at the implications of these ideas and directions for future research. Requiring some previous knowledge of second language acquisition research, this book will be of interest to advanced students and teachers of applied linguistics, second language learning and language pedagogy. Its study questions and activities, together with its useful bibliography and list of resources for the researcher, provide practical opportunities for replicating and extending the studies reported, as well as exploring further the principles presented in the book.

Language and Development - Teachers in a Changing World comprises twenty-one case accounts contributed by language education professionals working in the context of international development. Frank and stimulating, the contributions explore the implementation of interactive educational approaches in ten Asian countries.The accounts draw on real-life experiences from countries which collectively have been under-represented in the literature to date: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. The issues discussed will be familiar to those working in similar situations throughout the world, as many questions are raised and answered in the lively depictions of classroom practice, project management and funding relationships.The editors' introductory and concluding sections provide a descriptive conceptual framework for the practice-based accounts, while allowing the reader the freedom to interpret the meanings and the theoretical implications of each account for themselves.

Language Awareness in the Classroom addresses the central educational question of the impact that explicit language knowledge has on learning and language learning. A substantial Introduction defines the issues and key concepts and relates them to contemporary educational policy and practice in Europe and internationally. The papers are organised into four thematic sections: the extent and nature of language awareness in teacher education; school-based language awareness programmes; tertiary education initiatives and modes of evaluation of language awareness programmes.

A survey and analysis of second language theory discusses the development of ideas in this expanding area of language studies. It looks at the implications of these ideas and directions for future research. Contains study questions and activities as well as practical guidelines on the use of available research resources.

Process and Experience in the Language Classroom argues the case for communicative language teaching as an experiential and task driven learning process. The authors raise important questions regarding the theoretical discussion of communicative competence and current classroom practice. They propose ways in which Communicative Language Teaching should develop within an educational model of theory and practice, incorporating traditions of experimental and practical learning and illustrated from a wide range of international sources. Building on a critical review of recent language teaching principles and practice, they provide selection criteria for classroom activities based on a typology of communicative tasks drawn from classroom experience. The authors also discuss practical attempts to utilise project tasks both as a means of realising task based language learning and of redefining the roles of teacher and learner within a jointly constructed curriculum.

This book combines an authoritative examination of the field of discourse-based research with practical guidance on research design and development. The book is not prescriptive but instead invites expansive, innovative thinking about what discourse is, why it matters to people at particular sites and how it can be investigated. The authors identify a set of questions that, they argue, are crucial for understanding discourse. Part I of the book explores the implications of these questions, providing a comprehensive survey of relevant scholars, theories, concepts and methodologies. Part II addresses these implications, setting out a multi-perspectival approach to resourcing and integrating micro and macro perspectives in the description, interpretation and explanation of data. Part III offers wide-ranging resources to support further reflection and future research. Ultimately, this book offers a new research approach for students, researchers and practitioners in Applied Linguistics to encourage and support research that can be truly impactful through its relevance to social and professional practice.

Argues that the subjective evaluation of the product must give way to a descriptive and objective attempt to reveal the workings of the process (ie translating). Without such a shift, translation theory will continue outside the mainstream of intellectual activity in human sciences and fail to take its rightful place as a major field in applied Linguistics.