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The view "It's all in our genes and we cannot change it" developed
in the past 150 years since Gregor Mendel's experiments with
flowering pea plants. However, there is a special form of genetics,
referred to as epigenetics, which does not involve any change of
our genes but regulates how and when they are used. In the cell
nucleus our genes are packed into chromatin, which is a complex of
histone proteins and genomic DNA, representing the molecular basis
of epigenetics. Our environment and lifestyle decisions influence
the epigenetics of our cells and organs, i.e. epigenetics changes
dynamically throughout our whole life. Thus, we have the chance to
change our epigenetics in a positive as well as negative way and
present the onset of diseases, such a type 2 diabetes or cancer.
This textbook provides a molecular explanation how our genome is
connected with environmental signals. It outlines that epigenetic
programming is a learning process that results in epigenetic memory
in each of the cells of our body. The central importance of
epigenetics during embryogenesis and cellular differentiation as
well as in the process of aging and the risk for the development of
cancer are discussed. Moreover, the role of the epigenome as a
molecular storage of cellular events not only in the brain but also
in metabolic organs and in the immune system is described. The book
represents an updated but simplified version of our textbook "Human
Epigenomics" (ISBN 978-981-10-7614-8). The first five chapters
explain the molecular basis of epigenetics, while the following
seven chapters provide examples for the impact of epigenetics in
human health and disease.
The term epigenetics describes regulatory and information storing
mechanisms of specific genes that do not involve any change of
their DNA sequence. Epigenetics is closely related to the
extensively folded state, in which the genome is packaged, known as
chromatin. New genomic tools nowadays allow the genome-wide
assessment of, for example, chromatin states and DNA modifications,
and led to the discovery of unexpected new epigenetic principles,
such as epigenomic memory. This was the start of the field of
epigenomics, the relation of which to human health and disease is
discussed in this textbook. This book aims to summarize, in a
condensed form, the role of epigenomics in defining chromatin
states that are representative of active genes (euchromatin) and
repressed genes (heterochromatin). Moreover, this book discusses
the principles of gene regulation, chromatin stability, genomic
imprinting and the reversibility of DNA methylation and histone
modifications. This information should enable a better
understanding of cell type identities and will provide new
directions for studies of, for example, cellular reprograming, the
response of chromatin to environmental signals and epigenetic
therapies that can improve or restore human health. In order to
facilitate the latter, we favor a high figure-to-text ratio
following the rule "a picture tells more than thousand words". The
content of the book is based on the lecture course "Molecular
Medicine and Genetics" that is given by one of us (C. Carlberg) in
different forms since 2002 at the University of Eastern Finland in
Kuopio. Thematically, this book is located between our textbooks
"Mechanisms of Gene Regulation" (ISBN 978-94-017-7741-4) and
"Nutrigenomics" (ISBN 978-3-319-30415-1), studying of which may
also be interesting to our readers. The book is sub-divided into
three sections and 13 chapters. Following the Introduction (section
A), section B will explain the molecular basis of epigenomics,
while section C will provide examples for the impact of epigenomics
in human health and disease. The lecture course is primarily
designed for Master level students of biomedicine, but is also
frequented by PhD students as well as by students of other
bioscience disciplines. Besides its value as a textbook, Human
Epigenomics will be a useful reference for individuals working in
biomedicine.
The fascinating area of Nutrigenomics describes this daily
communication between diet, food and nutrients, their metabolites
and our genome. This book describes how nutrition shapes human
evolution and demonstrates its consequences for our susceptibility
to diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Inappropriate
diet can yield stress for our cells, tissues and organs and then it
is often associated with low-grade chronic inflammation.
Overnutrition paired with physical inactivity leads to overweight
and obesity and results in increased burden for a body that
originally was adapted for a life in the savannas of East Africa.
Therefore, this textbook does not discuss a theoretical topic in
science, but it talks about real life, and our life-long "chat"
with diet. We are all food consumers, thus each of us is concerned
by the topic of this book and should be aware of its mechanisms.
The purpose of this book is to provide an overview on the
principles of nutrigenomics and their relation to health or
disease. We are not aiming to compete with more comprehensive
textbooks on molecular nutrition, evolutionary biology, genomics,
gene regulation or metabolic diseases, but rather will focus on the
essentials and will combine, in a compact form, elements from
different disciplines. In order to facilitate the latter, we favor
a high figure-to-text ratio following the rule "a picture tells
more than thousand words". The content of this book is based on the
lecture course "Nutrigenomics", which is held since 2003 once per
year by Prof. Carlberg at the University of Eastern Finland in
Kuopio. The book is subdivided into three sections and twelve
chapters. Following the "Introduction" there are sections on the
"Molecular genetic basis" and the "Links to disease", which take a
view on nutrigenomics from the perspective of molecular mechanisms
or from the causes of metabolic diseases, respectively. Besides its
value as a textbook, Nutrigenomics will be a usefull reference for
individuals working in biomedicine.
The term epigenetics describes regulatory and information storing
mechanisms of specific genes that do not involve any change of
their DNA sequence. Epigenetics is closely related to the
extensively folded state, in which the genome is packaged, known as
chromatin. New genomic tools nowadays allow the genome-wide
assessment of, for example, chromatin states and DNA modifications,
and led to the discovery of unexpected new epigenetic principles,
such as epigenomic memory. This was the start of the field of
epigenomics, the relation of which to human health and disease is
discussed in this textbook. This book aims to summarize, in a
condensed form, the role of epigenomics in defining chromatin
states that are representative of active genes (euchromatin) and
repressed genes (heterochromatin). Moreover, this book discusses
the principles of gene regulation, chromatin stability, genomic
imprinting and the reversibility of DNA methylation and histone
modifications. This information should enable a better
understanding of cell type identities and will provide new
directions for studies of, for example, cellular reprograming, the
response of chromatin to environmental signals and epigenetic
therapies that can improve or restore human health. In order to
facilitate the latter, we favor a high figure-to-text ratio
following the rule "a picture tells more than thousand words". The
content of the book is based on the lecture course "Molecular
Medicine and Genetics" that is given by one of us (C. Carlberg) in
different forms since 2002 at the University of Eastern Finland in
Kuopio. Thematically, this book is located between our textbooks
"Mechanisms of Gene Regulation" (ISBN 978-94-017-7741-4) and
"Nutrigenomics" (ISBN 978-3-319-30415-1), studying of which may
also be interesting to our readers. The book is sub-divided into
three sections and 13 chapters. Following the Introduction (section
A), section B will explain the molecular basis of epigenomics,
while section C will provide examples for the impact of epigenomics
in human health and disease. The lecture course is primarily
designed for Master level students of biomedicine, but is also
frequented by PhD students as well as by students of other
bioscience disciplines. Besides its value as a textbook, Human
Epigenomics will be a useful reference for individuals working in
biomedicine.
The fascinating area of Nutrigenomics describes this daily
communication between our diet and our genome. This book describes
how nutrition shapes human evolution and demonstrates its
consequences for our susceptibility to diseases, such as diabetes
and atherosclerosis. Inappropriate diet can yield stress for our
cells, tissues and organs and then it is often associated with
low-grade chronic inflammation. Overnutrition paired with physical
inactivity leads to overweight and obesity and results in increased
burden for a body that originally was adapted for a life in the
savannahs of East Africa. Therefore, this textbook does not discuss
a theoretical topic in science, but it talks about real life and
our life-long "chat" with diet. We are all food consumers, thus
each of us is concerned by the topic of this book and should be
aware of its mechanisms. The purpose of this book is to provide an
overview on the principles of nutrigenomics and their relation to
health or disease. The content of this book is based on the lecture
course "Nutrigenomics", which is held since 2003 once per year by
Prof. Carlberg at the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio. The
book represents an updated but simplified version of our textbook
"Nutrigenomics" (ISBN 978-3-319-30413-7). Besides its value as a
textbook, "Nutrigenomics: how science works" will be a useful
reference for individuals working in biomedicine
The fascinating area of Nutrigenomics describes this daily
communication between our diet and our genome. This book describes
how nutrition shapes human evolution and demonstrates its
consequences for our susceptibility to diseases, such as diabetes
and atherosclerosis. Inappropriate diet can yield stress for our
cells, tissues and organs and then it is often associated with
low-grade chronic inflammation. Overnutrition paired with physical
inactivity leads to overweight and obesity and results in increased
burden for a body that originally was adapted for a life in the
savannahs of East Africa. Therefore, this textbook does not discuss
a theoretical topic in science, but it talks about real life and
our life-long "chat" with diet. We are all food consumers, thus
each of us is concerned by the topic of this book and should be
aware of its mechanisms. The purpose of this book is to provide an
overview on the principles of nutrigenomics and their relation to
health or disease. The content of this book is based on the lecture
course "Nutrigenomics", which is held since 2003 once per year by
Prof. Carlberg at the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio. The
book represents an updated but simplified version of our textbook
"Nutrigenomics" (ISBN 978-3-319-30413-7). Besides its value as a
textbook, "Nutrigenomics: how science works" will be a useful
reference for individuals working in biomedicine
The fascinating area of Nutrigenomics describes this daily
communication between diet, food and nutrients, their metabolites
and our genome. This book describes how nutrition shapes human
evolution and demonstrates its consequences for our susceptibility
to diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Inappropriate
diet can yield stress for our cells, tissues and organs and then it
is often associated with low-grade chronic inflammation.
Overnutrition paired with physical inactivity leads to overweight
and obesity and results in increased burden for a body that
originally was adapted for a life in the savannas of East Africa.
Therefore, this textbook does not discuss a theoretical topic in
science, but it talks about real life, and our life-long "chat"
with diet. We are all food consumers, thus each of us is concerned
by the topic of this book and should be aware of its mechanisms.
The purpose of this book is to provide an overview on the
principles of nutrigenomics and their relation to health or
disease. We are not aiming to compete with more comprehensive
textbooks on molecular nutrition, evolutionary biology, genomics,
gene regulation or metabolic diseases, but rather will focus on the
essentials and will combine, in a compact form, elements from
different disciplines. In order to facilitate the latter, we favor
a high figure-to-text ratio following the rule "a picture tells
more than thousand words". The content of this book is based on the
lecture course "Nutrigenomics", which is held since 2003 once per
year by Prof. Carlberg at the University of Eastern Finland in
Kuopio. The book is subdivided into three sections and twelve
chapters. Following the "Introduction" there are sections on the
"Molecular genetic basis" and the "Links to disease", which take a
view on nutrigenomics from the perspective of molecular mechanisms
or from the causes of metabolic diseases, respectively. Besides its
value as a textbook, Nutrigenomics will be a usefull reference for
individuals working in biomedicine.
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