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This book was first published in 1983.
The authors offer a detailed and systematic critique of Piaget's
theory of cognitive development, examining it in relation to other
theories of development.
In the dozen years since the first edition appeared, there has been
a great advance in understanding of the Earth's deep interior. This
is not because there have been breakthroughs in understanding, or
even many changes of ideas, but largely because of many small
advances, often the result of improved tech niques. This has led to
a complete revision of the book. For instance, we have a much
better idea of how the cloud of gas that formed the Solar Nebula
evolved into the Sun and the planets, and of the chemical processes
that accompanied its evolution and determined the mix of elements
in the Earth. We have a better understanding of convection and how
plates are an essential part of it, and how it is accompanied by
chemical processes that have extracted the materials to build
continents. Although the major variation within the Earth is
radial, improved geophysical and geochemical techniques have made
progress in investigating and under standing the lateral
heterogeneities, and it is encouraging that when geochemists and
geophysicists talk about lateral heterogeneities they can sometimes
be referring to the same thing. Plumes have become very fashionable
as the cause of hot-spot magmatism and associated geochemical
anomalies, probably origi nating at the base of the mantle (though
clear evidence for their existence is lacking)."
Current research into formal methods for hardware design is
presented in the papers in this volume. Because of the complexity
of VLSI circuits, assuring design validity before circuits are
manufactured is imperative. The goal of research in this area is to
develop methods of improving the design process and the quality of
the resulting designs. The major trend apparent at the workshop is
that researchers are rapidly moving away from post hoc proof
techniques with their great expense. A number of papers were
presented that dealt with problems of synthesizing correct circuits
and of designing with the goal of verification. Researchers are
also beginning to deal with the theoretical issues of reasoning
about concurrent systems and asynchronous systems, and to introduce
new logical tools such as constructive type theory and category
theory. Most of the research reported was performed in the United
States.
The blood cell system has provided a model system that has been
used by many researchers to investigate how a stem cell can give
rise to a wide variety of mature cell types. The principles that
emerged in developmental biology have been applied to the structure
of tissues throughout the body. However, many of the principles
have been challenged by recent findings, changing the way we view
blood cell development. In turn, this has impacted our
understanding of the origin and nature of leukaemia, as well as
cancer in general. Like the development of any body tissue, cancer
is an organised and hierarchical tissue with its own identity. A
new viewpoint is that the mutations that give rise to cancer
re-programme cancer cells to their own abnormal pattern of tissue
development. Understanding how the hierarchy of tumour identity
differs from that of normal tissue provides important new avenues
to the development of new treatments for cancer. No doubt further
refinement to our understanding of normal and cancer cells will
continue for many years to come. Even so, we appear to be moving
towards an exciting prospect of providing the key to unlocking the
long standing mystery of primary cellular events that undermine and
distort our normal cells and give rise to the disease of cancer.
The importance of this is the prospect of developing new treatments
for cancer. In particular, the distorted behaviour of cancer cells
might be reversible so that they can be restored to their normal
state. Diversity, Versatility and Leukaemia examines how normal and
cancer cells are inextricably linked, and focuses on the changes to
how we view the development of normal cells and the subversion of
this process in cancer.
For many years the mammalian blood cell system has provided cell
biologists and haematologists with one of the best experimental
models in which to unravel how one stem cell -- the hematopoietic
stem cell -- gives rise to many different types of progeny.
Numerous models of lineage relationships have emerged, but the most
influential of these, in which differentiating cells undergo a
series of binary choices, has been increasingly challenged in
recent years -- to the extent that the accumulation of new findings
recently culminated in a Nature commentary suggesting that "the
latest research will necessitate revision of textbook accounts".
This book brings together contributions from many leading experts
in the field of blood cell development who each discuss both the
overall process of hematopoiesis and the origins and development of
each of the cells of the blood and immune systems. It describes how
new molecular, cellular and -- particularly -- transgenic tools are
helping us understand the processes that control the lineage fates
of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and how
lineage-committed progeny develop along particular maturation
pathways.
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