Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) attract great attention in light of the wide spectrum of genes of biological and medical relevance identified as under their control. As a consequence, our knowledge of the role of these receptors in physiology and pathology continues to grow at a fast pace and PPARs have become an interesting target for the treatment of many pathological conditions, including diabetes and atherosclerosis. This volume provides an authoritative view of the current clinical and scientific developments within this evolving area of study.

Filling a large gap in the literature, this book focuses on the management of patients who have, or are at risk of developing, cardiovascular disease. Designed to serve as a resource for the busy, practicing clinician, the approach is evidence-based but practical. Conceptual development and the exploration of biochemical and physiological mechanisms are balanced by focused attention on the everyday issues of caring for patients with specific metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Reinforced by case studies, the book discusses standards of care and challenging management issues. The authors discuss pharmacotherapeutic choices in light of findings from clinical trials, elements of care unique to women and people of different racial and ethnic groups, lifestyle modifications, and the risks and benefits of specific therapies. The book reviews comprehensive care in both primary and secondary prevention settings. Moreover, Comprehensive Management of High Risk Cardiovascular Patients encourages primary care providers to get more involved in treating such disorders as atherosclerotic disease, congestive heart failure, severe hypertension, complex dyslipidemias, and chronic renal disease, among others.

The remarkable true story of one woman's journey back from the brink. Newly widowed and faced with a deadly brain tumour, she was given two years to live. She wanted more... When her six-year-old daughter found her collapsed on the kitchen floor, Rachel had no idea how much her life was about to change. A brain scan revealed a dark shadowy mass, a huge abnormal growth of tissue that, whilst benign, was still growing and would surely kill her. It was too big to operate on. It needed to be 'managed', and Rachel had, at best, two years to live. Refusing to accept the bleak prognosis, Rachel was determined to stay alive. She had already lost far too much. She had already watched her brother succumb, at only twenty-eight, to cancer. She had already lost her beloved husband in a terrible scuba diving accident when she was six months pregnant. So she did the only thing she knew how to do. She fought for her life. This gripping and inspiring memoir about overcoming tragedy and trauma charts one tenacious woman's incredible fight to find light in the darkest of journeys. It is a life-affirming tale of positivity and hope in the face of the most difficult of human experiences.

A great deal of experimental, clinical and epidemiological data have been gathered to confirm the strict and causal correlation between plasma lipoproteins and coronary heart disease. However, as usually happens in research, many more interesting issues are being studied, opening new fields of research for the future. These new advances, together with the combined efforts of cell biologists and lipoprotein chemists, have set the pace for an exciting period of research and clinical applications of diets and drugs affecting plasma and cell lipids. This volume, which includes the work of many of the leading world labortories, represents an authoritative and up-to-date appraisal of the status of the art and a stimulus to future research at the laboratory and clinical level in a fascinating area of clinical and preventive medicine.

The issue of interaction of risk factors in cardiovascular disease is timely and of clinical relevance. This book is a collection of the scientific contributions to the 4th International Symposium on Multiple Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease: Strategies of Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiac Failure, and Stroke, and addresses the role of simultaneous risk factors in patients. Because patients with two or more risk factors are at very high risk for developing cardiovascular diseases, special care should be taken in the choice of appropriate therapeutic intervention.

Risk factors are also discussed from the point of view of the biochemist and the pharmacologist by addressing the mechanisms underlying the onset of hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, hypercoagulability, and the possibility of therapeutic intervention.

This book will therefore be of value to the biochemist, pharmacologist, and clinical pharmacologist, as well as to specialists in the field of cardiovascular medicine in order to keep up-to-date with current knowledge in this fast moving field of research.

This book includes the most significant contributions of the First International Symposium on "Multiple risk factors in cardiovascular disease", chaired by Professors A. V. Chobanian (Boston), A. M. Gotto Jr. (Houston), c. Lenfant (Bethesda), R. Paoletti and A. Zanchetti (Milan), held in Washington DC, 10-12 December 1990, which focused on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their interactions. The need for this symposium is based on the epidemiological evidence that individuals from industrialized countries often possess two or more risk factors which synergically increase the global risk profile. The evidence that isolated vascular risk factors are not commonly found in high risk patients but more often a combination of risk factors are detected, is highlighted. Many recent epidemiological data identifying the intrinsic and environ mental factors contributing to the development of atherosclerosis are discussed. These results, in parallel to basic and clinical research, underline how atherosclerosis is a complex and multifac torial process involving the influences of lipid deposition, blood pressure, rheologic forces, carbohydrate tolerance, and thrombogenic factors (fibrinogen and platelets). Atherosclerosis is markedly accelerated by other risk factors, more so in the presence of concomitant hypercholes terolemia, hypertension, diabetes, upper body obesity. Furthermore, the risk associated with anyone of these risk factors varies widely depending on level of the associated atherogenic risk factors.

The objective of the program committee of the Fifth International Symposium on Atherosclerosis was to bring together experts in many disciplines to broaden the scope of the attack on this disease and to foster interaction. Our hope was that such interaction would accelerate the eradication of the disease. The symposium achieved that objective and con tinued the tradition of the previous symposia in providing a forum for summaries of recent research developments in the study, treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis. The leading authorities and researchers in this field and in the related areas of interest have presented the newest information, concepts and ideas that have evolved in the past three years since the previous meeting in Tokyo. The most promising fields for future investigation are clearly identified, as are the nature of the controversies that persist in some highly important aspects of treatment of this disease. The appearance of these proceedings so soon after the meeting will greatly enhance the impact of the symposium on current research in atherosclerosis. The program committee is particularly indebted to the excellent response of the inves tigators for their willingness to participate in the symposium and for their successful efforts in bringing high quality to their presentations. Their cooperation in the expeditious delivery of manuscripts for this volume has been particularly gratifying. The efforts of Ms. Barbara Allen in preparing this volume bear special note."

This book includes the most significant contributions of the 3rd International Symposium on MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE held in Florence, Italy, July 6-9, 1994. The meeting focused on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their interactions. The need for this symposium is based on the epidemiological evidence that individuals from industrialized countries often possess two or more risk factors which synergistically increase the global risk profile. This has become more evident in recent years with the increase in life expectancy of the general population. The evidence that in high risk patients, a combination of risk factors often is detected, is highlighted in these Proceedings. Many recent epidemiological data identifYing the intrinsic and environmental factors contributing to the development of atherosclerosis are discussed. These results, in parallel with basic and clinical research, underline how atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial process involving the influences of lipids, including lipoprotein subfractions, blood pressure, rheologic forces, carbohydrate tolerance, and thrombogenic factors. Furthermore, the risk associated with anyone of these risk factors varies widely depending on level of the associated atherogenic risk factors.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death and disability in Western society. The field of atherosclerosis research has grown tremendously over the last forty years, shedding a great deal of light on the contributing factors and natural history of the disorder and enabling strategies for its treatment and prevention. Some of the greatest strides in this field in recent years have derived from advances in molecular biology techniques. These strides were chosen for emphasis in the most recent Princess Lilian symposium, whose proceedings this volume represents. Historically, the Princess Lilian meetings have been small ones aimed at bringing together investigators from diverse specialties to discuss a particular subject. The most recent meeting was no exception and included clinicians, clinical investigators, and research ers in basic science. The symposium began with an extensive review of coronary morphopathological findings in patients who died of coronary heart disease. Any rational hypothesis of atherogenesis must take into account clinical findings, and any attempt to bridge the gap between experimental laboratory findings and studies in man is highly desirable. Three chapters focus on endothelial injury: one on the nitric oxide pathway in physiology and pathology, a second on the activation of endothelial cells, and a third on the monocyte and endothelial injury. Still another chapter examines growth factors, in particular the fibroblast growth factor in atherogenesis."

Even a brief scan of the table of contents of the present volume is enough to disclose the diversity of research interests and opinions in the field of lipidology. It is precisely this diversity that is the strength of our field and that was showcased by the XII International Symposium of DRUGS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM (DALM). The papers published here from these proceedings may be divided into three categories: those that define-and refine---our understanding ofthe clinical benefit of aggressive lipid management, those that develop our knowledge of ris!. assessment, and those that discuss the genetic, bio~hemical, and biophysical mechanisms underlying the pathology of coronary heart disease. On the clinical front, further analysis of the results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) has indicated the cost-effectiveness of therapy in patients with established coronary heart disease. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), whose methodology was described at the DALM XII symposium, has demonstrated in a mostly primary-prevention population what 4S demonstrated for secondary prevention the year before: aggressive lipid-regulating therapy reduces coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality rates without concurrently increasing mortality from noncardiovascular causes. In the future, important considerations will be to develop protocols that maximize benefit in groups underrepresented in traditional clinical research for example, women and the elderly-and to improve compliance to existing treatment regimens. Furthermore, antioxidant, omega-3 fatty acid, and gene therapies warrant further investigation.

This volume is a collection of the most significant contributions to the 4th International Symposium on MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: STRATEGIES OF PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE, CARDIAC F AlLURE, AND STROKE held in Washington, D. C. in April 1997. The meeting focused on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their interactions. The need for this symposium is based on the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence that individuals from industrialized countries often possess two or more risk factors which synergistically increase the global risk profile. This has become more evident in recent years with the increase in life expectancy of populations in the industrialized countries. The evidence that a combination of risk factors confers a very high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, is of pivotal interest in the process of detection of patients who will benefit the most from pharmacological treatment. Many recent epidemiological data identifying the intrinsic and environmental factors contributing to the development of atherosclerosis are discussed. These results, in parallel with basic and clinical research, underline atherosclerosis as a complex and multifactorial process involving the influences of lipids, including lipoprotein subfractions, blood pressure rheologic forces, carbohydrate tolerance, and thrombogenic factors, including fibrinogen, tissue factor, PAl-I, and homocysteine. Furthennore, the risk associated with anyone of these risk factors varies widely depending on the level of the associated atherogenic risk factors. Hyper cholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, for instance, are more common than would be expected by chance among hypertensive patients.

A great deal of experimental, clinical and epidemiological data have been gathered to confirm the strict and causal correlation between plasma lipoproteins and coronary heart disease. However, as usually happens in research, many more interesting issues are being studied, opening new fields of research for the future. These new advances, together with the combined efforts of cell biologists and lipoprotein chemists, have set the pace for an exciting period of research and clinical applications of diets and drugs affecting plasma and cell lipids. This volume, which includes the work of many of the leading world labortories, represents an authoritative and up-to-date appraisal of the status of the art and a stimulus to future research at the laboratory and clinical level in a fascinating area of clinical and preventive medicine.

In 1982 Berlin was host for the second time to the International Symposium on Atherosclerosis. In 1973 the third symposium was held there, following the first in Athens -opened by the unforgettable Paul D. White -and the second in Chicago, where the great gentlemen of atherosclerosis research - Louis Katz and Irving Page - left their special imprint on the meeting. Since the third symposium in Berlin impressive advances have been made in the field of atherosclerosis. The symposia in Tokyo in 1976 and in Houston in 1979 introduced important new knowledge from current research, stimulating worldwide interest; Berlin highlighted the latest developments. The International Atherosclerosis Society (lAS) provides an international forum for the entire field of atherosclerosis research. Its main purpose is to apply the results of basic research to clinical medicine, and thereby to benefit the practitioner. Prevention and rehabilitation are of special importance. Intensified international cooperation is urgently needed at all levels. A declared goal of the lAS is contact between young investigators and between international research and work groups. Participating in the Berlin meeting were 1400 researchers from 42 nations. This illustrates the growing interest in atherosclerosis as the leading cause of death in "developed" societies. However, the incidence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide, although there are national differences in the pattern and appearance of the disease; this was documented at the Berlin Symposium.

Patients with two or more risk factors have a very high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It follows that the strategy for the intervention of multiple risk factors is in fact of paramount relevance in detecting patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease requiring therapeutic intervention. The text also discusses risk factors from the point of view of biochemists and pharmacologists by addressing the mechanisms underlying the onset of hypertension, hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercoagulability and the possibility of therapeutic intervention.

We witness an era with more screens than ever before, and within each screen, a multitude of visual varieties. Lisa Gotto investigates this medial diversity as a field of tension between large and small forms of digital image culture. This includes, on the one hand, the immersive potential of large image arrangements, such as digital 3D cinema, and, on the other hand, the compactness of mobile image forms, such as those of the smartphone film or the media practices of Instagram. Weaving together a rich variety of examples and sources, this book presents a multifaceted collection of essays that explore the transformational potential of digital media culture, contextualize its media-technical conditions, and reflect on its social consequences.

When the Nazis seized power in Germany in 1933 they promised to create a new, harmonious society under the leadership of the Fuhrer, Adolf Hitler. The concept of Volksgemeinschaft - 'the people's community' - enshrined the Nazis' vision of society'; a society based on racist, social-Darwinist, anti-democratic, and nationalist thought. The regime used Volksgemeinschaft to define who belonged to the National Socialist 'community' and who did not. Being accorded the status of belonging granted citizenship rights, access to the benefits of the welfare state, and opportunities for advancement, while these who were denied the privilege of belonging lost their right to live. They were shamed, excluded, imprisoned, murdered. Volksgemeinschaft was the Nazis' project of social engineering, realized by state action, by administrative procedure, by party practice, by propaganda, and by individual initiative. Everyone deemed worthy of belonging was called to participate in its realization. Indeed, this collective notion was directed at the individual, and unleashed an enormous dynamism, which gave social change a particular direction. The Volksgemeinschaft concept was not strictly defined, which meant that it was rather marked by a plurality of meaning and emphasis which resulted in a range of readings in the Third Reich, drawing in people from many social and political backgrounds. Visions of Community in Nazi Germany scrutinizes Volksgemeinschaft as the Nazis' central vision of community. The contributors engage with individual appropriations, examine projects of social engineering, analyze the social dynamism unleashed, and show how deeply private lives were affected by this murderous vision of society.

Since its inception, U.S. American cinema has grappled with the articulation of racial boundaries. This applies, in the first instance, to featuring mixed-race characters crossing the color line. In a broader sense, however, this also concerns viewing conditions and knowledge configurations. The fact that American film engages itself so extensively with the unbalanced relation between black and white is neither coincidental nor trivial to state it has much more to do with disputing boundaries that pertain to the medium itself. Lisa Gotto examines this constellation along the early history of American film, the cinematic modernism of the late 1950s, and the post-classical cinema of the turn of the millennium.

Die Studie bearbeitet ein Kapitel der Dokumentarfilmgeschichte der ehemaligen DDR. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei das noch weitgehend unbekannte dokumentarische Werk des Regisseurs Eduard Schreiber vor und nach 1989. Anhand der beiden Dokumentarfilme Abhangig (1983) und Ruckfallig (1988) liefert der Autor eine filmgeschichtliche Mikrostudie zu den visuellen, kunstlerischen und rhetorischen Strategien sowie den konkreten Produktions-, Zensur- und Rezeptionskontexten. Vor dem Hintergrund der ostdeutschen Sozialgeschichte, Kulturpolitik und OEffentlichkeit sowie der internationalen Entwicklung in der dokumentarischen Filmreprasentation richtet er ein besonderes Augenmerk auf den nicht-fiktionalen Umgang mit der Alkoholismusthematik. Ein Interview mit dem Regisseur, eine detaillierte Filmografie sowie ein umfangreicher Quellenapparat zum DDR-Dokumentarfilm runden den Band ab.

"Der Flick-Konzern steht wie kein anderes Unternehmen fur die enge Verbindung zwischen Wirtschaft und NS-Regime. Sein Wachstum wurde wahrend des Dritten Reiches von kaum einem Unternehmen ubertroffen. Er profitierte in grossem Ausmass von "Arisierungen," war einer der bedeutendsten Rustungsproduzenten und beschaftigte zehntausende Zwangsarbeiter. Die Fuhrungsfiguren des Konzerns wurden dafur vor dem Internationalen Militartribunal in Nurnberg zur Verantwortung gezogen und verurteilt. Die Autoren legen die okonomische Strategie dieses Unternehmens offen, analysieren seine internen Strukturen und Lobbyingmethoden und konnen so zeigen, wie und warum der Flick-Konzern zu einem engen Partner des NS-Regimes wurde. Ein Editionsteil mit 47 Dokumenten erganzt die Konzerngeschichte." "Es ist das Verdienst der Autoren, dass sie keinen Zweifel an der Verstrickung und personlichen Verantwortung Friedrich Flicks lassen und das schonungslose Bild eines Konzernherren zeichnen, der bereitwillig mit den Nationalsozialisten kooperierte, um sein Unternehmen und seine Macht auszubauen." "Eine sehr materialreiche Studie auf hohem Reflexionsniveau." Christopher Kopper, Die Zeit 17.07.2008, Nr. 30 "Das Verdienst des Autorengespanns Johannes Bahr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim C. Priemel und Harald Wixforth liegt allerdings darin, nun eine Vielzahl neuer Mosaiksteine zur Geschichte des Flick-Konzerns im Dritten Reich zusammengetragen zu haben." "Selten wurde eine Unternehmensgeschiche in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus so genau aufgearbeitet. ... Die Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz hat hier eine Dokumentation vorgelegt, die Pflichtlekture fur alle Verantwortlichen in Politik, Zivilgesellschaft und Wirtschaft werden sollte." www.ihre-Stiftung.de"

"So uberzeugend die These von der administrativen Normalitat und der systemstabilisierenden Funktion kommunalen Verwaltungshandelns am Augsburger Beispiel heraussgearbeitet worden ist, so wichtig wird es sein, sie an anderen Fallen zu verifizieren. Generell bietet jedoch auch der Blick auf Augsburg eine neue Deutung der Rolle der Kommunen im Nationalsozialismus, (...) die hilft, dessen Leistungs- und Bindekraft bis zum bitteren Ende zu erklaren." Marie-Luise Recker in: FAZ, 4.10.2006 "Gottos Studie ist fur die Interpretation des NS-Herrschaftssystems von eminenter Bedeutung. Die Forschung wird gut daran tun, ihre in vieler Hinsicht weiterfuhrenden Ergebnisse grundlich zur Kenntnis zu nehmen." Armin Nolzen, in: Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte, September 2006 (online), Band 47/2007 (print)"

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) attract great attention in light of the wide spectrum of genes of biological and medical relevance identified as under their control. As a consequence, our knowledge of the role of these receptors in physiology and pathology continues to grow at a fast pace and PPARs have become an interesting target for the treatment of many pathological conditions, including diabetes and atherosclerosis. This volume provides an authoritative view of the current clinical and scientific developments within this evolving area of study.

Weill Cornell Medicine is a story of continuity and transformation. Throughout its colorful history, Cornell's medical school has been a leader in education, patient care, and research-from its founding as Cornell University Medical College in 1898, to its renaming as Weill Cornell Medical College in 1998, and now in its current incarnation as Weill Cornell Medicine.In this insightful and nuanced book, dean emeritus Antonio M. Gotto Jr., MD, and Jennifer Moon situate the history of Cornell's medical school in the context of the development of modern medicine and health care. The book examines the triumphs, struggles, and controversies the medical college has undergone. It recounts events surrounding the medical school's beginnings as one of the first to accept female students, its pioneering efforts to provide health care to patients in the emerging middle class, wartime and the creation of overseas military hospitals, medical research ranging from the effects of alcohol during Prohibition to classified partnerships with the Central Intelligence Agency, and the impact of the Depression, 1960s counterculture, and the Vietnam War on the institution. The authors describe how the medical school built itself back up after nearing the brink of financial ruin in the late 1970s, with philanthropic support and a renewal of its longstanding commitments to biomedical innovation and discovery.Central to this story is the closely intertwined, and at times tumultuous, relationship between Weill Cornell and its hospital affiliate, now known as New York-Presbyterian. Today the medical school's reach extends from its home base in Manhattan to a branch campus in Qatar and to partnerships with institutions in Houston, Tanzania, and Haiti. As Weill Cornell Medicine relates, the medical college has never been better poised to improve health around the globe than it is now.

When the Nazis seized power in Germany in 1933 they promised to create a new, harmonious society under the leadership of the Fuumlhrer, Adolf Hitler. The concept of Volksgemeinschaft - 'the people's community' - enshrined the Nazis' vision of society'; a society based on racist, social-Darwinist, anti-democratic, and nationalist thought. The regime used Volksgemeinschaft to define who belonged to the National Socialist 'community' and who did not. Being accorded the status of belonging granted citizenship rights, access to the benefits of the welfare state, and opportunities for advancement, while these who were denied the privilege of belonging lost their right to live. They were shamed, excluded, imprisoned, murdered. Volksgemeinschaft was the Nazis' project of social engineering, realized by state action, by administrative procedure, by party practice, by propaganda, and by individual initiative. Everyone deemed worthy of belonging was called to participate in its realization. Indeed, this collective notion was directed at the individual, and unleashed an enormous dynamism, which gave social change a particular direction. The Volksgemeinschaft concept was not strictly defined, which meant that it was rather marked by a plurality of meaning and emphasis which resulted in a range of readings in the Third Reich, drawing in people from many social and political backgrounds. Visions of Community in Nazi Germany scrutinizes Volksgemeinschaft as the Nazis' central vision of community. The contributors engage with individual appropriations, examine projects of social engineering, analyze the social dynamism unleashed, and show how deeply private lives were affected by this murderous vision of society.

Das Erscheinen des hier vorliegenden Bandes ist infolge der Zeitnot, unter der wir aIle, nicht zuletzt der Herausgeber selbst, leiden, verzogert worden. Die Leserschaft, die auf die Neuausgabe des schon seit langem vergriffenen Bandes wartet, wird aber feststellen mussen, daB es sich bei dieser Neuauflage nicht etwa um eine Erganzung der alten Auflage, sondern um einen ganzlich neuen Band handelt. BegruBt werden wird auch die Hinzunahme der Kapitel uber Gerbereimaschinen und uber Unfallverhutung. Die Flille an neuen Erkenntnissen und Materialien, die in der Zeit seit der erst en Auflage in Erscheinung getreten sind, haben gerade auch auf dem Zuricht sektor Erweiterungen und zum Teil tiefgreifende Veranderungen an Verfahren lind Fertigprodukten mit sich gebracht. Man denke z. B. nur an die umfangreiche Verwendung von Kunststoffen auf dem Zurichtgebiet, an die zahllosen Bleich-, Fettungs-, Entfettungs- oder Nachgerbungsmoglichkeiten, an die modernen Lacke, Appreturen und Farbstoffe, die dem Lederhersteller heute an die Hand gegeben werden, oder an das Pastingverfahren zur Ledertrocknung u. a. m."