What can language tell us about society? Looking at a range of genres, from political speeches to internet chat, this book shows how qualitative methods are used to analyse discourses throughout the social sciences. The practical problems of designing and conducting discourse-based research are solved in this key resource for all social scientists.

Until recently, histories of women tended to be segregated from the larger historical context. This pioneering volume places the role of women within the history of the interwar years, whenboth the women's and socialist movements became prominent, and raises the key question of how power was distributed between the genders in a historical setting. The emblematic title of this volume highlights the fundamental conception of this comparative study of eleven West European countries: that in the interwar decades two great movements gained in strength, converged, diverged, competed, and cooperated. Each of these movements is viewed as acomplex matrix of organized and unorganized participants. However, by far the most provocative questions deal with gender relations. Central to these are definitions of femininity and masculinity in terms of mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion at the workplace, in the home, and in the political arena. The mystique of the "new woman" in the 1920s and the 1930s challenged traditional notions of gender identity and relations, not the least of which was the redefinition of the role of men. The main issue addressed in this volume is not how male socialists "dealt with" the woman question or how women functioned in or outside left-wingparties; it rather centers on illustrating the power distribution between the sexes in specific political and cultural contexts. This rigorously focused and coherent volume, to which some of the best-known scholars in the field have contributed, will no doubt establish itself as the standard reference work for years to come.

Until recently, histories of women tended to be segregated from the larger historical context. This pioneering volume places the role of women within the history of the interwar years, whenboth the women's and socialist movements became prominent, and raises the key question of how power was distributed between the genders in a historical setting. The emblematic title of this volume highlights the fundamental conception of this comparative study of eleven West European countries: that in the interwar decades two great movements gained in strength, converged, diverged, competed, and cooperated. Each of these movements is viewed as acomplex matrix of organized and unorganized participants. However, by far the most provocative questions deal with gender relations. Central to these are definitions of femininity and masculinity in terms of mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion at the workplace, in the home, and in the political arena. The mystique of the "new woman" in the 1920s and the 1930s challenged traditional notions of gender identity and relations, not the least of which was the redefinition of the role of men. The main issue addressed in this volume is not how male socialists "dealt with" the woman question or how women functioned in or outside left-wingparties; it rather centers on illustrating the power distribution between the sexes in specific political and cultural contexts. This rigorously focused and coherent volume, to which some of the best-known scholars in the field have contributed, will no doubt establish itself as the standard reference work for years to come.

Though more than 300 years have elapsed since the first description of the peculiar course of the spinal accessory (XI) nerve by Willis (1664), the crucial problems concerning what is known as accessory field of musculature and its innervation are still unsolved and a matter of controversy. Like the bulbar XI, the spinal XI nerve is commonly regarded as originally a branch of the vagus and, therefore, as a cranial nerve (Fiirbringer 1897; Gegenbaur 1898; Lubosch 1899). However, whether this nerve is of special visceral or somatic derivation is still debated. The conventional distinction between these function ally separate categories of cranial nerves is based largely on two criteria, namely, the position of the cranial nerve nucleus and the embryological derivation of the muscles innervated by this nerve. Unfortunately, little is known about the development of this accessory field of musculature, and the evidence concern ing the position of the spinal XI nucleus is contradictory. In fact, although the spinal XI nerve is usually regarded as a purely efferent nerve belong ing to the special visceral efferent group of cranial nerves and innervating muscles derived from the branchial mesoderm, each of these properties has been questioned. Consequently, the classification of the nerve is still unset tled. Evidence in support of a special visceral origin of the spinal XI nerve is found in the phylogenetic history of the spinal XI nucleus.

Streitgesprache verlaufen weder chaotisch noch voellig unkooperativ, sondern unterscheiden sich von konsensuellen Gesprachen durch systematische AEnderungen der Sprecherwechselorganisation, charakteristische sprachliche Reaktionsweisen auf Kontrahentenausserungen und das Auftreten typischer Verweis- und Zusammenhangsmarkierungen zwischen einzelnen Gesprachsbeitragen. Anhand einer detaillierten diskursanalytischen Untersuchung von Gesprachstranskripten von Gruppengesprachen im Zeitausmass von mehr als 25 Stunden wird in dieser Studie die Struktur verbaler Konfliktaustragungsepisoden untersucht, sowie eine umfassende linguistische Darstellung der in Streitgesprachen verwendeten Sprechhandlungen gegeben. Ausserdem wird der Einfluss verschiedener Gesprachskontexte auf Struktur und Verlauf von Konfliktgesprachen berucksichtigt. Den theoretischen Rahmen bildet eine Modifikation und Differenzierung des Griceschen Kooperativitatsprinzips und eine vorwiegend auf gesprachsstrukturellen Charakteristika von Konfliktkommunikation basierende diskursanalytische Definition von Streitgesprachen.

Diese Arbeit entstand im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts "Sprache und Vorurteil," das vom Oktober 1987 bis Oktober 1989 unter der Lei tung von Ruth Wodak am Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft an der Uni versitat Wien durchgefuhrt wurde. Dieses Projekt hatte sich zur Aufga be gesetzt, Ausserungsformen antisemitischer Vorurteile im Nach kriegsosterreich zu untersuchen, nachdem diese im Zuge der Affare "Waldheim" in der osterreichischen Offentlichkeit unuberhorbar gewor den waren und in Osterreich, sowie (in weit starkerem Ausmass) im Ausland zu scharfen Reaktionen gefuhrt hatten. Uber die unmittelbare Betroffenheit daruber, dass mehr oder weniger offener Antisemitismus nach 1945 in diesem Land wieder moglich geworden war, hinaus, lag das Interesse v. a. darauf, wie das offiziell am meisten geachtete Vorur teil trotzdem wieder eine Rolle in der politischen und offentlichen Aus einandersetzung spielen konnte. Ursprunglich nur als ein Kapitel der Untersuchung von Vorurteilen in den Printmedien konzipiert, erlangte dieser Teil des Projekts aufgrund der Fulle des Untersuchungsmateri als einen Umfang, der es sogar notwendig machte, die ungekurzte Version im Projektendbericht nur als Anhang zu veroffentlichen (vgl. PROJEKTTEAM "SPRACHE UND VORURTEIL," 1989, Bd. I und 11). Standen in der Projektarbeit v. a. Materialanalysen im Mittelpunkt, so versuche ich im Rahmen dieses Buches die verschiedenen Realisie rungsformen antisemitischer Vorurteile zu systematisieren und auf grund dieser Resultate die allgemeinen linguistischen Moglichkeiten Da Antisemitismus im von Vorurteilskommunikation herauszuarbeiten."