This practical yet cutting-edge Handbook includes both established and innovative methods for studying identity in management, organisations, and cognate fields. Incorporating a breadth of narrative, visual, ethnographic and embodied methods, as well as ways for analysing naturally occurring data, this Handbook offers exciting new interdisciplinary perspectives on the study of identity in and around organisations. Notions of identity have gained much momentum in organisation and management studies over the past 20 years, however, identity scholars tend to rely on a limited set of methods in their research. Looking beyond narrow disciplinary boundaries, the Handbook draws on ideas from management studies, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and the arts. With cutting-edge methods on the various facets and dynamics of identity, it is integral reading for the future progress of reflexive and dialogical social constructions for studying identity. This refreshing Handbook will be valuable to scholars and students from a variety of disciplines including business and management, psychology and sociology, but with a common interest in studying identity in and around organisations. With consistent practical methodology, consultants, facilitators and management practitioners, who aim to develop identities among individuals, groups, and organisations will also benefit widely from this.

Highlighting the motivations of B Corp entrepreneurs in Chile, this book explores the phenomenon behind for-profit organisations that are committed to social and ecological sustainability as well as human welfare. By examining the personal and social drivers of businesses which are not solely focused on profit-making, the authors reveal a dual orientation that is an important factor in the creation of hybrid organisations. Offering an in-depth study of B Corp entrepreneurs in Chile, the largest B Corp community outside of North America, this pioneering book challenges dominant assumptions that there is only one ideal type of entrepreneur and argues that the values of the purely profit-driven and purely social-driven do in fact intersect. An enlightening read for researchers of social business and sustainability, this book analyses perceptions towards success, and the desire to solve environmental problems, underlining a fundamental aspect of the entrepreneur's personal value structure.

Asisthecasewithmostbooks,thisbookalsotooksometimetoevolve. Withthe ?rstideasaboutwritingitbeginningin2004,itwasaratherlongandbusyprocess. However,itwasalsoaprocessfullofacquiringnewknowledge,discussingtopics withinterestingpeople,gainingpersonalinsights,and?nallyresultinginpersonal development. Particularly,IwouldliketothankRainhartLang,whocontributedto myunderstandingofleadershipandtheorybyprovidingmanysuggestionsandalot ofadvice. Furthermore,IwouldliketothankthestudentsatChemnitzUniversityof Technologywhopatientlytookpartinmycoursesoncontemporaryleadership theory. FromthemIlearnedhownewcomerstothesubjectunderstandwhatIhave writteninselectedchaptersandwhatshouldbeconsequentlyamended. Additi- ally,ElisabethSchumannandJuliaHeiberdidagreatjobwithproofreadingthe bookandadvancingtheleveloflanguage. AsEnglishisnotmy?rstlanguageitwas sometimesnecessarytoremindmethatexpressingsomethinginEnglishisrather differentfromtellingitinGerman. Finally,Iamalsogratefultothepeopleat Springer,whohelpedmepublishingthisbook. v Contents 1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook ...1 2 CharacteristicsofContemporaryTheoreticalApproaches inLeadershipResearch...5 3 AttributionTheoryinLeadershipResearch...9 IntroductionandBackground...9 LeadershipasAttributedQuality ...10 Leader'Asisthecasewithmostbooks,thisbookalsotooksometimetoevolve. Withthe ?rstideasaboutwritingitbeginningin2004,itwasaratherlongandbusyprocess. However,itwasalsoaprocessfullofacquiringnewknowledge,discussingtopics withinterestingpeople,gainingpersonalinsights,and?nallyresultinginpersonal development. Particularly,IwouldliketothankRainhartLang,whocontributedto myunderstandingofleadershipandtheorybyprovidingmanysuggestionsandalot ofadvice. Furthermore,IwouldliketothankthestudentsatChemnitzUniversityof Technologywhopatientlytookpartinmycoursesoncontemporaryleadership theory. FromthemIlearnedhownewcomerstothesubjectunderstandwhatIhave writteninselectedchaptersandwhatshouldbeconsequentlyamended. Additi- ally,ElisabethSchumannandJuliaHeiberdidagreatjobwithproofreadingthe bookandadvancingtheleveloflanguage. AsEnglishisnotmy?rstlanguageitwas sometimesnecessarytoremindmethatexpressingsomethinginEnglishisrather differentfromtellingitinGerman. Finally,Iamalsogratefultothepeopleat Springer,whohelpedmepublishingthisbook. v Contents 1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook ...1 2 CharacteristicsofContemporaryTheoreticalApproaches inLeadershipResearch...5 3 AttributionTheoryinLeadershipResearch...9 IntroductionandBackground...9 LeadershipasAttributedQuality ...10 Leader'sAttributionsBasedonObservedBehavior ...15 StageofDiagnosis ...16 StageofDecision...19 AnInteractiveModeloftheLeader/MemberAttributionProcess...20 SelectedProsandCons ...22 4 PsychodynamicLeadershipApproach ...23 IntroductionandBackground...23 BasicConcepts...23 FamilyofOrigin ...24 ProcessofMaturationandIndividualization ...24 DependenceandIndependence ...25 Regression...25 SuppressionandShadowoftheEgo...25 Identi?cationandtheEmergenceofLeadership ...26 AnalysisofLeadershipRelations...27 TypesofLeaders...28 SelectedProsandCons ...30 5 NeocharismaticLeadership ...31 IntroductionandBackground...31 MaxWeber:CharismaandLegitimatedAuthority...32 CharismaticLeadership ...32 vii viii Contents TheEarlyConcept ...32 CharismaasAttribution...33 Self-Concept-BasedTheoryofCharisma...34 CharismaasFire ...34 Value-BasedLeadership ...36 BacktotheFollowers...36 TheGLOBEResearchProgram ...37 TransformationalLeadership ...40 FactorsofTransformationalLeadership...41 FactorsofTransactionalLeadership...4 2 Non-leadership ...43 SimilaritiesintheApproaches...44 SelectedProsandCons ...45 6 Leader?memberExchangeTheory ...47 IntroductionandBackground...47 QualitiesandDevelopmentofLeader?memberRelations...48 EffectsandDevelopmentofHigh-qualityLeader?member Relationships ...51 SelectedProsandCons ...53 7 IdiosyncrasyCreditModelofLeadership ...55 IntroductionandBackground...55 DevelopmentofStatus...55 NonconformityofLeaders...57 Electedvs. AppointedLeaders...57 SelectedProsandCons ...58 8 SymbolicLeadership...59 IntroductionandBackground...59 ALeader'Asisthecasewithmostbooks,thisbookalsotooksometimetoevolve. Withthe ?rstideasaboutwritingitbeginningin2004,itwasaratherlongandbusyprocess. However,itwasalsoaprocessfullofacquiringnewknowledge,discussingtopics withinterestingpeople,gainingpersonalinsights,and?nallyresultinginpersonal development. Particularly,IwouldliketothankRainhartLang,whocontributedto myunderstandingofleadershipandtheorybyprovidingmanysuggestionsandalot ofadvice. Furthermore,IwouldliketothankthestudentsatChemnitzUniversityof Technologywhopatientlytookpartinmycoursesoncontemporaryleadership theory. FromthemIlearnedhownewcomerstothesubjectunderstandwhatIhave writteninselectedchaptersandwhatshouldbeconsequentlyamended. Additi- ally,ElisabethSchumannandJuliaHeiberdidagreatjobwithproofreadingthe bookandadvancingtheleveloflanguage. AsEnglishisnotmy?rstlanguageitwas sometimesnecessarytoremindmethatexpressingsomethinginEnglishisrather differentfromtellingitinGerman. Finally,Iamalsogratefultothepeopleat Springer,whohelpedmepublishingthisbook. v Contents 1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook ...1 2 CharacteristicsofContemporaryTheoreticalApproaches inLeadershipResearch...5 3 AttributionTheoryinLeadershipResearch...9 IntroductionandBackground...9 LeadershipasAttributedQuality ...10 Leader'sAttributionsBasedonObservedBehavior ...15 StageofDiagnosis ...16 StageofDecision...19 AnInteractiveModeloftheLeader/MemberAttributionProcess...20 SelectedProsandCons ...22 4 PsychodynamicLeadershipApproach ...23 IntroductionandBackground...23 BasicConcepts...23 FamilyofOrigin ...24 ProcessofMaturationandIndividualization ...24 DependenceandIndependence ...25 Regression...25 SuppressionandShadowoftheEgo...25 Identi?cationandtheEmergenceofLeadership ...26 AnalysisofLeadershipRelations...27 TypesofLeaders...2 8 SelectedProsandCons ...30 5 NeocharismaticLeadership ...31 IntroductionandBackground...31 MaxWeber:CharismaandLegitimatedAuthority...32 CharismaticLeadership ...32 vii viii Contents TheEarlyConcept ...32 CharismaasAttribution...33 Self-Concept-BasedTheoryofCharisma...34 CharismaasFire ...34 Value-BasedLeadership ...36 BacktotheFollowers...36 TheGLOBEResearchProgram ...37 TransformationalLeadership ...40 FactorsofTransformationalLeadership...41 FactorsofTransactionalLeadership...42 Non-leadership ...43 SimilaritiesintheApproaches...44 SelectedProsandCons ...45 6 Leader?memberExchangeTheory ...47 IntroductionandBackground...47 QualitiesandDevelopmentofLeader?memberRelations...48 EffectsandDevelopmentofHigh-qualityLeader?member Relationships ...51 SelectedProsandCons ...53 7 IdiosyncrasyCreditModelofLeadership ...55 IntroductionandBackground...55 DevelopmentofStatus...55 NonconformityofLeaders...57 Electedvs. AppointedLeaders...57 SelectedProsandCons ...58 8 SymbolicLeadership...59 IntroductionandBackground...59 ALeader'sActingIsSymbolized ...60 LeadershipasBeingSymbolizedandSymbolizing ...61 SelectedProsandCons ...63 9 Micro-politicsApproachtoLeadership...6 5 IntroductionandBackground...65 PoliticsandLeadership ...66 TacticsofMicro-politicalBehavior ...67 AModelofPoliticalLeaderBehavior...68 Micro-politicsandtheLifeCycleofanOrganization...72 Micro-politicsIsNotInherentlyBad ...73 SelectedProsandCons ...73 10 RoleTheoryofLeadership...75 IntroductionandBackground ...75 Contents ix ExpectationsandtheRoleSet ...76 TheProcessofRoleAscription...78 RoleCon?icts ...82 SelectedProsandCons ...83 11 SocialLearningTheoryofLeadership...85 IntroductionandBackground ...85 CharacteristicsofSocialLearninginLeadershipRelations...86 ModelLearning ...86 TheRoleofCognitiveProcesses ...88 Self-reinforcementandSelf-control ...89 CentralTheoreticalModeloftheApproach...90 SelectedProsandCons ...91 References ...93 Index ...105 Chapter1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook Theaimofthebookistoprovideanoverviewofthebasictheoriesandtheoretical approaches of today's leadership research. The theories described in this book enhancethetraditionalthinkingoftraitsandstyles. Atthesametime,theysupp- menttheoreticalapproachesfoundintopleadershipjournalsnowadays,butalso offer alternative explanations, and sometimes challenge mainstream leadership research. Asaconsequence,thebookintendstohighlightthediversityoftheore- cal approaches in contemporary leadership research.

Asisthecasewithmostbooks,thisbookalsotooksometimetoevolve. Withthe ?rstideasaboutwritingitbeginningin2004,itwasaratherlongandbusyprocess. However,itwasalsoaprocessfullofacquiringnewknowledge,discussingtopics withinterestingpeople,gainingpersonalinsights,and?nallyresultinginpersonal development. Particularly,IwouldliketothankRainhartLang,whocontributedto myunderstandingofleadershipandtheorybyprovidingmanysuggestionsandalot ofadvice. Furthermore,IwouldliketothankthestudentsatChemnitzUniversityof Technologywhopatientlytookpartinmycoursesoncontemporaryleadership theory. FromthemIlearnedhownewcomerstothesubjectunderstandwhatIhave writteninselectedchaptersandwhatshouldbeconsequentlyamended. Additi- ally,ElisabethSchumannandJuliaHeiberdidagreatjobwithproofreadingthe bookandadvancingtheleveloflanguage. AsEnglishisnotmy?rstlanguageitwas sometimesnecessarytoremindmethatexpressingsomethinginEnglishisrather differentfromtellingitinGerman. Finally,Iamalsogratefultothepeopleat Springer,whohelpedmepublishingthisbook. v Contents 1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook ...1 2 CharacteristicsofContemporaryTheoreticalApproaches inLeadershipResearch...5 3 AttributionTheoryinLeadershipResearch...9 IntroductionandBackground...9 LeadershipasAttributedQuality ...10 Leader'sAttributionsBasedonObservedBehavior ...15 StageofDiagnosis ...16 StageofDecision...19 AnInteractiveModeloftheLeader/MemberAttributionProcess...20 SelectedProsandCons ...22 4 PsychodynamicLeadershipApproach ...23 IntroductionandBackground...23 BasicConcepts...23 FamilyofOrigin ...24 ProcessofMaturationandIndividualization ...24 DependenceandIndependence ...25 Regression...25 SuppressionandShadowoftheEgo...25 Identi?cationandtheEmergenceofLeadership ...26 AnalysisofLeadershipRelations...27 TypesofLeaders...28 SelectedProsandCons ...30 5 NeocharismaticLeadership ...31 IntroductionandBackground...31 MaxWeber:CharismaandLegitimatedAuthority...32 CharismaticLeadership ...32 vii viii Contents TheEarlyConcept ...32 CharismaasAttribution...33 Self-Concept-BasedTheoryofCharisma...34 CharismaasFire ...34 Value-BasedLeadership ...36 BacktotheFollowers...36 TheGLOBEResearchProgram ...37 TransformationalLeadership ...40 FactorsofTransformationalLeadership...41 FactorsofTransactionalLeadership...42 Non-leadership ...43 SimilaritiesintheApproaches...44 SelectedProsandCons ...45 6 Leader?memberExchangeTheory ...4 7 IntroductionandBackground...47 QualitiesandDevelopmentofLeader?memberRelations...48 EffectsandDevelopmentofHigh-qualityLeader?member Relationships ...51 SelectedProsandCons ...53 7 IdiosyncrasyCreditModelofLeadership ...55 IntroductionandBackground...55 DevelopmentofStatus...55 NonconformityofLeaders...57 Electedvs. AppointedLeaders...57 SelectedProsandCons ...58 8 SymbolicLeadership...59 IntroductionandBackground...59 ALeader'sActingIsSymbolized ...60 LeadershipasBeingSymbolizedandSymbolizing ...61 SelectedProsandCons ...63 9 Micro-politicsApproachtoLeadership...65 IntroductionandBackground...65 PoliticsandLeadership ...66 TacticsofMicro-politicalBehavior ...67 AModelofPoliticalLeaderBehavior...68 Micro-politicsandtheLifeCycleofanOrganization...72 Micro-politicsIsNotInherentlyBad ...73 SelectedProsandCons ...73 10 RoleTheoryofLeadership...75 IntroductionandBackground ...75 Contents ix ExpectationsandtheRoleSet ...76 TheProcessofRoleAscription...78 RoleCon?icts ...82 SelectedProsandCons ...83 11 SocialLearningTheoryofLeadership...85 IntroductionandBackground ...85 CharacteristicsofSocialLearninginLeadershipRelations...86 ModelLearning ...86 TheRoleofCognitiveProcesses ...8 8 Self-reinforcementandSelf-control ...89 CentralTheoreticalModeloftheApproach...90 SelectedProsandCons ...91 References ...93 Index ...105 Chapter1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook Theaimofthebookistoprovideanoverviewofthebasictheoriesandtheoretical approaches of today's leadership research. The theories described in this book enhancethetraditionalthinkingoftraitsandstyles. Atthesametime,theysupp- menttheoreticalapproachesfoundintopleadershipjournalsnowadays,butalso offer alternative explanations, and sometimes challenge mainstream leadership research. Asaconsequence,thebookintendstohighlightthediversityoftheore- cal approaches in contemporary leadership research.

Highlighting the motivations of B Corp entrepreneurs in Chile, this book explores the phenomenon behind for-profit organisations that are committed to social and ecological sustainability as well as human welfare. By examining the personal and social drivers of businesses which are not solely focused on profit-making, the authors reveal a dual orientation that is an important factor in the creation of hybrid organisations. Offering an in-depth study of B Corp entrepreneurs in Chile, the largest B Corp community outside of North America, this pioneering book challenges dominant assumptions that there is only one ideal type of entrepreneur and argues that the values of the purely profit-driven and purely social-driven do in fact intersect. An enlightening read for researchers of social business and sustainability, this book analyses perceptions towards success, and the desire to solve environmental problems, underlining a fundamental aspect of the entrepreneur's personal value structure.