This book focuses on a long-neglected yet important topic in China’s translation history: interpreter/translator training and wartime translation studies. It examines the military interpreter training programmes after the outbreak of the Pacific War (1941-1945), further revealing the indispensable role of translation and interpreting in war. The author explores the relationship between linguistic education and war context in the China-Burma-India Theatre, where international cooperation was salient. Some 4,000 interpreting officers played a vital role in assisting in air defence, transportation, training of the Chinese army and coordinating expeditionary operations. The book seeks to bring these interpreters to life, telling the stories of why they joined the war, how they were trained, and what they did in the war. Through the study of training programmes, historical archives, accounts and trainees' memoirs, discussions revolve around key strands of education, including curriculums, textbooks and training methods. Utilizing foreign language education practices as its main case study, the book analyzes these through the framework of linguistic and translation theories. The book contributes to Chinese interpreting history by exploring its first-ever nationwide professional interpreting (and translation) training practices, and will inspire scholars of translation/interpreting training, world modern history and foreign language education in general.

This book, first published in 1967, is a comprehensive study of knight-errantry in Chinese history and literature from the fourth century BC to the twentieth century. After discussing the social and intellectual backgrounds of knight-errantry, it gives examples of historical knights and describes the development of the theme of knight-errantry in poetry, fiction and drama. Many biographies, anecdotes, poems and tales are translated in full, while long prose romances and dramatic works are summarized and discussed. As background to these, sketches of the developments of Chinese fiction and drama are provided. In a final chapter, comparisons are made between Chinese and European knights, and between Chinese and Western chivalric literature.

This book, first published in 1962, is a majestic survey of the whole structure of Chinese poetry. It is a critical introduction to the field as well as an exposition of Chinese views on the nature of poetry. It discusses the Chinese language as a poetic medium from various angles – visual, semantic, auditory, grammatical and conceptual. It also describes the bases of Chinese versification and the major verse forms, and offers interpretations of various schools of traditional Chinese criticisms of poetry. The author suggests a synthesis among the different schools and evolves a view of poetry from which critical standards for Chinese poetry can be derived. In applying these standards, he attempts a further synthesis – one between this mainly traditional Chinese view of poetry and the modern Western method of verbal analysis. Imagery, symbolism, allusions and other features of Chinese poetry are analysed critically.

This book, first published in 1967, is a comprehensive study of knight-errantry in Chinese history and literature from the fourth century BC to the twentieth century. After discussing the social and intellectual backgrounds of knight-errantry, it gives examples of historical knights and describes the development of the theme of knight-errantry in poetry, fiction and drama. Many biographies, anecdotes, poems and tales are translated in full, while long prose romances and dramatic works are summarized and discussed. As background to these, sketches of the developments of Chinese fiction and drama are provided. In a final chapter, comparisons are made between Chinese and European knights, and between Chinese and Western chivalric literature.

This book, first published in 1962, is a majestic survey of the whole structure of Chinese poetry. It is a critical introduction to the field as well as an exposition of Chinese views on the nature of poetry. It discusses the Chinese language as a poetic medium from various angles - visual, semantic, auditory, grammatical and conceptual. It also describes the bases of Chinese versification and the major verse forms, and offers interpretations of various schools of traditional Chinese criticisms of poetry. The author suggests a synthesis among the different schools and evolves a view of poetry from which critical standards for Chinese poetry can be derived. In applying these standards, he attempts a further synthesis - one between this mainly traditional Chinese view of poetry and the modern Western method of verbal analysis. Imagery, symbolism, allusions and other features of Chinese poetry are analysed critically.

This book aims to provide readers with practical information on the procedure of streamline skin disease recognition with the use of dermoscopy. The first three chapters are mainly focused on the basic knowledge of dermoscopy, such as its history, how it works, the terminology. In the following chapters, the clinical photographs, dermoscopic images and histopathologic images of benign melanocytic neoplasms, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, seborrheic keratosis and related diseases, vascular diseases, squamous cell neoplasms and other neoplasms are presented in a case-based format. The clinical characteristics are introduced briefly, and the dermoscopic features are highlighted with a number of pictures. The chapter 12 to chapter 14 introduce the dermoscopic appearance of inflammatory skin diseases, infectious and parasitic skin diseases, hair and nail diseases, respectively, which is the extended application of dermoscopy. Last but not least, the development and future of articifial intellegence assisted diagnosis based on dermoscopic images is introduced. Written by dermatologists who have been involved in dermoscopic diagnosis for a long time, this case-based book will be a valuable reference for dermatologists and those who are interested in related field.

From both theoretical and practical perspectives, this book systematically expounds the important theories, key measures and major achievements in the field of poverty alleviation in China, and sums up the important experience of poverty alleviation, it answers the significant question why China has been able to lift itself out of poverty and build a moderately prosperous society in an all round way. China has accumulated experience for achieving the two centenary goals, and contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the global cause of poverty reduction.

This book addresses an important, yet under-researched domain in interpreting education: how theoretical training models should be responsive to context. To do so, it applies the linguistic concept of 'context' to interpreting studies by investigating practices in representative (conference) interpreting training programmes in Europe and China. After presenting an overview of interpreter training programmes, the author describes the need to reassess the applicability of the well-established and widely accepted model of interpreting from the Paris School (ESIT/AIIC model) to the Chinese interpreting training scene. Building on the theoretical study of context in foreign language classrooms suggested by linguists like Halliday and Hasan (1993); Kramsch (1993) and others, the author subsequently constructs a new curriculum, comprising a four-step approach to consecutive interpreting courses in the Chinese context. The rationale for such an approach is justified in accordance with the overall design of context, taking into account the four dimensions in a teaching-learning environment. This book is intended for scholars and graduate students who are interested in translation and interpreting, applied linguistics as well as foreign language education. It also serves as a practical guide for developing (university-level) translation and interpreting programmes.

This book addresses an important, yet under-researched domain in interpreting education: how theoretical training models should be responsive to context. To do so, it applies the linguistic concept of 'context' to interpreting studies by investigating practices in representative (conference) interpreting training programmes in Europe and China. After presenting an overview of interpreter training programmes, the author describes the need to reassess the applicability of the well-established and widely accepted model of interpreting from the Paris School (ESIT/AIIC model) to the Chinese interpreting training scene. Building on the theoretical study of context in foreign language classrooms suggested by linguists like Halliday and Hasan (1993); Kramsch (1993) and others, the author subsequently constructs a new curriculum, comprising a four-step approach to consecutive interpreting courses in the Chinese context. The rationale for such an approach is justified in accordance with the overall design of context, taking into account the four dimensions in a teaching-learning environment. This book is intended for scholars and graduate students who are interested in translation and interpreting, applied linguistics as well as foreign language education. It also serves as a practical guide for developing (university-level) translation and interpreting programmes.

This book systematically introduces the nonlinear adiabatic evolution theory of quantum many-body systems. The nonlinearity stems from a mean-field treatment of the interactions between particles, and the adiabatic dynamics of the system can be accurately described by the nonlinear Schroedinger equation. The key points in this book include the adiabatic condition and adiabatic invariant for nonlinear system; the adiabatic nonlinear Berry phase; and the exotic virtual magnetic field, which gives the geometric meaning of the nonlinear Berry phase. From the quantum-classical correspondence, the linear and nonlinear comparison, and the single particle and interacting many-body difference perspectives, it shows a distinct picture of adiabatic evolution theory. It also demonstrates the applications of the nonlinear adiabatic evolution theory for various physical systems. Using simple models it illustrates the basic points of the theory, which are further employed for the solution of complex problems of quantum theory for many-particle systems. The results obtained are supplemented by numerical calculations, presented as tables and figures.

This book systematically introduces the nonlinear adiabatic evolution theory of quantum many-body systems. The nonlinearity stems from a mean-field treatment of the interactions between particles, and the adiabatic dynamics of the system can be accurately described by the nonlinear Schroedinger equation. The key points in this book include the adiabatic condition and adiabatic invariant for nonlinear system; the adiabatic nonlinear Berry phase; and the exotic virtual magnetic field, which gives the geometric meaning of the nonlinear Berry phase. From the quantum-classical correspondence, the linear and nonlinear comparison, and the single particle and interacting many-body difference perspectives, it shows a distinct picture of adiabatic evolution theory. It also demonstrates the applications of the nonlinear adiabatic evolution theory for various physical systems. Using simple models it illustrates the basic points of the theory, which are further employed for the solution of complex problems of quantum theory for many-particle systems. The results obtained are supplemented by numerical calculations, presented as tables and figures.

The ionization of atoms and molecules in strong laser fields is an active field in modern physics and has versatile applications in such as attosecond physics, X-ray generation, inertial confined fusion (ICF), medical science and so on. "Classical Trajectory Perspective of Atomic Ionization in Strong Laser Fields" covers the basic concepts in this field and discusses many interesting topics using the semiclassical model of classical trajectory ensemble simulation, which is one of the most successful ionization models and has the advantages of a clear picture, feasible computing and accounting for many exquisite experiments quantitatively. The book also presents many applications of the model in such topics as the single ionization, double ionization, neutral atom acceleration and other timely issues in strong field physics, and delivers useful messages to readers with presenting the classical trajectory perspective on the strong field atomic ionization. The book is intended for graduate students and researchers in the field of laser physics, atom molecule physics and theoretical physics. Dr. Jie Liu is a professor of Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, China and Peking University.

From both theoretical and practical perspectives, this book systematically expounds the important theories, key measures and major achievements in the field of poverty alleviation in China, and sums up the important experience of poverty alleviation, it answers the significant question why China has been able to lift itself out of poverty and build a moderately prosperous society in an all round way. China has accumulated experience for achieving the two centenary goals, and contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the global cause of poverty reduction.

The book focuses on symplectic pseudospectral methods for nonlinear optimal control problems and their applications. Both the fundamental principles and engineering practice are addressed. Symplectic pseudospectral methods for nonlinear optimal control problems with complicated factors (i.e., inequality constraints, state-delay, unspecific terminal time, etc.) are solved under the framework of indirect methods. The methods developed here offer a high degree of computational efficiency and accuracy when compared with popular direct pseudospectral methods. The methods are applied to solve optimal control problems arising in various engineering fields, particularly in path planning problems for autonomous vehicles. Given its scope, the book will benefit researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of automatic control, path planning, ordinary differential equations, etc.

The book focuses on symplectic pseudospectral methods for nonlinear optimal control problems and their applications. Both the fundamental principles and engineering practice are addressed. Symplectic pseudospectral methods for nonlinear optimal control problems with complicated factors (i.e., inequality constraints, state-delay, unspecific terminal time, etc.) are solved under the framework of indirect methods. The methods developed here offer a high degree of computational efficiency and accuracy when compared with popular direct pseudospectral methods. The methods are applied to solve optimal control problems arising in various engineering fields, particularly in path planning problems for autonomous vehicles. Given its scope, the book will benefit researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of automatic control, path planning, ordinary differential equations, etc.

This book focuses on numerical simulation-based design theory and methods in mechanical engineering. The simulation-based design of mechanical equipmentinvolves considerable scientific challenges including extremely complex systems,extreme working conditions, multi-source uncertainties, multi-physics coupling, andlarge-scale computation. In order to overcome these technical difficulties, this booksystematically elaborates upon the advanced design methods, covering high-fidelitysimulation modeling, rapid structural analysis, multi-objective design optimization,uncertainty analysis and optimization, which can effectively improve the designaccuracy, efficiency, multi-functionality and reliability of complicated mechanicalstructures. This book is primarily intended for researchers, engineers and postgraduate studentsin mechanical engineering, especially in mechanical design, numerical simulation andengineering optimization.

This volume brings to English-language readers the results of an important long-term project of historians from China and Japan addressing contentious issues in their shared modern histories. Originally published simultaneously in Chinese and Japanese in 2006, the thirteen essays in this collection focus renewed attention on a set of political and historiographical controversies that have steered and stymied Sino-Japanese relations from the mid-nineteenth century through World War II to the present.

These in-depth contributions explore a range of themes, from prewar diplomatic relations and conflicts, to wartime collaboration and atrocity, to postwar commemorations and textbook debates--all while grappling with the core issue of how history has been researched, written, taught, and understood in both countries. In the context of a wider trend toward cross-national dialogues over historical issues, this volume can be read as both a progress report and a case study of the effort to overcome contentious problems of history in East Asia.

In attempting to define a "poetics of paradox" from a traditional Chinese standpoint, James Liu explores through a comparative approach linguistic, textual, and interpretive problems of relevance to Western literary criticism. Liu's study evolves from a paradoxical view--originating from early Confucian and Daoist philosophical texts--that the less is "said" in poetry, the more is "meant." Such a view implied the existence of paradox in the very use of language and led traditional Chinese hermeneutics to a study of "metaparadox"--the use of language to explicate texts the meaning of which transcends language itself.

As Liu illustrates elements of traditional Chinese hermeneutics with examples of poetic and critical works, he makes comparisons with the works of such Western literary figures as Shakespeare, Mallarme, Pound, Ionesco, Derrida, and Shepard. The comparisons bring to light a crucial difference in conceptualization of language: Chinese critics, especially those influenced by Daoism and Buddhism, seem to have held a deitic view of language (language points to things), whereas Western critics seem to have thought of language as primarily mimetic (language represents things). Liu examines the consequences of these views, showing how both offer insights into the "meaning" of text and to what extent both have led to a "metaparadox of interpretation."

Originally published in 1988.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

In attempting to define a "poetics of paradox" from a traditional Chinese standpoint, James Liu explores through a comparative approach linguistic, textual, and interpretive problems of relevance to Western literary criticism. Liu's study evolves from a paradoxical view--originating from early Confucian and Daoist philosophical texts--that the less is "said" in poetry, the more is "meant." Such a view implied the existence of paradox in the very use of language and led traditional Chinese hermeneutics to a study of "metaparadox"--the use of language to explicate texts the meaning of which transcends language itself. As Liu illustrates elements of traditional Chinese hermeneutics with examples of poetic and critical works, he makes comparisons with the works of such Western literary figures as Shakespeare, Mallarme, Pound, Ionesco, Derrida, and Shepard. The comparisons bring to light a crucial difference in conceptualization of language: Chinese critics, especially those influenced by Daoism and Buddhism, seem to have held a deitic view of language (language points to things), whereas Western critics seem to have thought of language as primarily mimetic (language represents things). Liu examines the consequences of these views, showing how both offer insights into the "meaning" of text and to what extent both have led to a "metaparadox of interpretation." Originally published in 1988. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The tz'u, or lyric, reached its full maturity in China during the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth. Until now this important poetic genre has been little known to English readers, and James J. Y. Liu's book is the first to deal systematically and critically with it. He does so by examining the work of six representative poets of the period. The poems are analyzed in terms of their "exploration of worlds," by which the author means the poet's probing of the natural world and the human world in which he lives, as well as of his own mind. This leads into a discussion of the poet's "exploration of language," his incessant effort to embody the worlds he explores in complex verbal structures and to realize the potentialities of the Chinese language as a medium of poetic expression. Preceding the general discussion of each lyricist's poetry are examples of the work of each in four forms: first in the original Chinese text, then in a romanization, next in a word-for-word translation, and finally in an idiomatic translation. Each poem is accompanied by a metrical diagram, explanatory notes, and a critical commentary. Attention is focused on poetic qualities and features such as diction, imagery, syntax, and prosody. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The tz'u, or lyric, reached its full maturity in China during the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth. Until now this important poetic genre has been little known to English readers, and James J. Y. Liu's book is the first to deal systematically and critically with it. He does so by examining the work of six representative poets of the period. The poems are analyzed in terms of their "exploration of worlds," by which the author means the poet's probing of the natural world and the human world in which he lives, as well as of his own mind. This leads into a discussion of the poet's "exploration of language," his incessant effort to embody the worlds he explores in complex verbal structures and to realize the potentialities of the Chinese language as a medium of poetic expression. Preceding the general discussion of each lyricist's poetry are examples of the work of each in four forms: first in the original Chinese text, then in a romanization, next in a word-for-word translation, and finally in an idiomatic translation. Each poem is accompanied by a metrical diagram, explanatory notes, and a critical commentary. Attention is focused on poetic qualities and features such as diction, imagery, syntax, and prosody. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This concise introduction to Chinese poetry serves as a primer for English-speakers eager to expand their understanding and enjoyment of Chinese culture. James J. Y. Liu first examines the Chinese language as a medium of poetic expression and, contrary to the usual focus on the visual qualities of Chinese script, emphasizes the auditory effects of Chinese verse. He provides a succinct survey of Chinese poetry theory and concludes with his own view of poetry, based upon traditional Chinese concepts.
"[This] books should be read by all those interested in Chinese poetry."--Achilles Fang, "Poetry"
"[This is] a significant contribution to the understanding and appreciation of Chinese poetry, lucidly presented in a way that will attract a wide audience, and offering an original synthesis of Chinese and Western views that will stimulate and inspire students of poetry everywhere."--Hans H. Frankel, "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies"
"This is a book which can be recommended without reservation to anyone who wants to explore the world of Chinese poetry in translation."--James R. Hightower, "Journal of Asian Studies"

Measuring the similarity or difference between two strings is a fundamental problem to many applications. In bioinformatics, one has to predict the structures of RNA and proteins, to classify the functions of molecules, to infer the phylogeny of organisms, and to search entries in huge sequence databases. While processing electronic documents, one needs fast and flexible indexing techniques to perform searches. For this purpose, many measures are defined. The longest common subsequence and the edit distance are the most studied dealt with problems in string processing. In this book, we propose an O(min{mN, Mn}) time algorithm for finding a longest common subsequence of strings X and Y with lengths m and n, respectively, and run-length-encoded lengths M and N, respectively. On the other hand, we also improve the time bound to O(min{mN, Mn}) for finding the edit distance between strings X and Y. Squares play a central role from word combinatorics and application perspective. We show how to locate all squares in a run-length encoded string in time O(N logN). The time complexity of our result is optimal, and it is irrelevant to the length of the original uncompressed string.