These essays, written in the course of half a century of research and thought on German and Jewish history, deal with the uniqueness of a phenomenon in its historical and philosophical context. Applying the "classical" empirical tools to this unprecedented historical chapter, Kulka strives to incorporate it into the continuum of Jewish and universal history. At the same time he endeavors to fathom the meaning of the ideologically motivated mass murder and incalculable suffering. The author presents a multifaceted, integrative history, encompassing the German society, its attitudes toward the Jews and toward the anti-Jewish policy of the Nazi regime; as well as the Jewish society, its self-perception and its leadership.

This book presents the most important thermochemical and physical techniques of boriding. The formation and characterization of different boride layers or boride coatings are compared in this book. The author analyzes the technological aspects of boriding processes, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The effect of the boriding techniques on the microstructure of borided materials are also indicated. The mechanism of formation of active boron atoms or ions and the phenomena during re-melting of alloying material together with the substrate are described. Special attention is devoted to powder-pack boriding, electrochemical boriding in borax, gas boriding, plasma gas or paste boriding and laser or plasma surface alloying with boron, acknowledged as the most important current methods in boriding. The thermodynamics of gas boriding is also analyzed.

It's Mark's bedtime, but he begs his mom for "just five more minutes"! When his five minutes are up, he keeps coming up with something new to do that will take him "just five more minutes." Each new thing is more outlandish than the last, including teaching a dinosaur how to tie his shoes and brushing George Washingston's teeth on Mount Rushmore! He finally goes to sleep, but when his mother comes in to get him out of bed in the morning, he naturally asks for "just five more minutes"!

"Dinner Talk" draws upon the recorded dinner conversations of, and extensive interviews with, native Israeli, American Israeli, and Jewish American middle-class families to explore the cultural styles of sociability and socialization in family discourse. The thesis developed is that family dinners in Western middle-class homes fulfill important functions of sociability for all participants and, at the same time, serve as crucial sites of socialization for children through language and for language use. The book demonstrates the way talk at dinner constructs, reflects, and invokes familial, social, and cultural identities and provides social support for easing the passage of children into adult discourse worlds.
Family discourse at dinner emerges as a particularly rich site for discursive socialization and a highly meaningful enactment of sociable behavior in culturally patterned ways. Although all the families studied have a commom Eastern European background, Israeli and Jewish American families are shown to differ extensively in their interactional styles, in ways that enact historically different, community-related interpretations of the dialectics of continuity and change. Native Israeli, American Israeli, and Jewish American families differ culturally in the ways they negotiate issues of power, independence, and involvement through various speech activities such as the choice and initiation of topics, conversational story-telling, naming practices, metapragmatic discourse, politeness strategies, and in immigrant, bilingual families, language choice and code switching. "Dinner Talk" demonstrates the unique interactional style of each of the groups, linking the observed communication patterns to the ideological, sociocultural, and historical contexts of their respective communities.
This innovative study of family discourse from a cross-cultural perspective will appeal to students and specialists in sociolinguistics, communication, anthropology, child language, and family and Jewish studies, as well as to all interested in patterns of communication within families.

A former prisoner of the Gestapo, Kulka leads us through the horror of the Nazi death camps, describing such unbearable conditions as the over-crowded ghettos where Jewish minorities were left to starve, separation of families in cases where parents were brought to one concentration camp and children to another, and fear of an unknown fate such as the gas chambers of Auschwitz. Few people escaped from Auschwitz, and fewer survived such escape attempts. From personal experience as well as accounts from other survivors, Kulka details the only successful escape, led by Siegfried Lederer, where all those involved survived.This is a test

It's Marks's bedtime, but he begs his mom for "just five more minutes"! When his five minutes are up, he keeps coming up with something new to do that will take him "just five more minutes." Each new thing is more outlandish than the last, including teaching a dinosaur how to tie his shoes and brushing George Washington's teeth on Mount Rushmore! He finally goes to sleep, but when his mother comes in to get him out of bed in the morning, he naturally asks for "just five more minutes!"

"Dinner Talk" draws upon the recorded dinner conversations of, and extensive interviews with, native Israeli, American Israeli, and Jewish American middle-class families to explore the cultural styles of sociability and socialization in family discourse. The thesis developed is that family dinners in Western middle-class homes fulfill important functions of sociability for all participants and, at the same time, serve as crucial sites of socialization for children through language and for language use. The book demonstrates the way talk at dinner constructs, reflects, and invokes familial, social, and cultural identities and provides social support for easing the passage of children into adult discourse worlds.
Family discourse at dinner emerges as a particularly rich site for discursive socialization and a highly meaningful enactment of sociable behavior in culturally patterned ways. Although all the families studied have a commom Eastern European background, Israeli and Jewish American families are shown to differ extensively in their interactional styles, in ways that enact historically different, community-related interpretations of the dialectics of continuity and change. Native Israeli, American Israeli, and Jewish American families differ culturally in the ways they negotiate issues of power, independence, and involvement through various speech activities such as the choice and initiation of topics, conversational story-telling, naming practices, metapragmatic discourse, politeness strategies, and in immigrant, bilingual families, language choice and code switching. "Dinner Talk" demonstrates the unique interactional style of each of the groups, linking the observed communication patterns to the ideological, sociocultural, and historical contexts of their respective communities.
This innovative study of family discourse from a cross-cultural perspective will appeal to students and specialists in sociolinguistics, communication, anthropology, child language, and family and Jewish studies, as well as to all interested in patterns of communication within families.

First published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This volume provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the contribution of multiparty intergenerational talk in a variety of cultures to the development of children's communicative capacities. The book focuses on the complexity of the cultural and interactional contexts in which pragmatic learning occurs and re-examines certain assumptions implicit in research on language socialization to date, such as primacy of dyadic interactions in the early ages and the presupposition of a monolingual social matrix.
One of the aims of the book is to demonstrate the degree of cultural diversity in paths of pragmatic development. Individual chapters present empirically grounded analyses of talk with children of all ages, in different participation structures and in a variety of cultures. In pursuing this theme the volume is meant to further enrich cross-cultural perspectives on language socialization by providing in each of its chapters an empirically grounded analysis of the development of one specific dimension of discursive skill.
The nine invited chapters comprise new empirical work on the development of specific discourse dimensions. Authors have been asked also to adopt a reflexive stand on their line of research and to incorporate in the chapter a comprehensive and critical perspective on former work on the discursive dimension investigated. The discourse dimensions represented in the volume include narratives, explanations, the language of control in intergenerational and intragenerational talk, the language of humor and affect, and bilingual conversations. The volume offers a rich spectrum of cultural variety in pragmatic development, including studies of American, Greek, Japanese, Mayan, Norwegian, and Swedish children and families.

This volume provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the contribution of multiparty intergenerational talk in a variety of cultures to the development of children's communicative capacities. The book focuses on the complexity of the cultural and interactional contexts in which pragmatic learning occurs and re-examines certain assumptions implicit in research on language socialization to date, such as primacy of dyadic interactions in the early ages and the presupposition of a monolingual social matrix.
One of the aims of the book is to demonstrate the degree of cultural diversity in paths of pragmatic development. Individual chapters present empirically grounded analyses of talk with children of all ages, in different participation structures and in a variety of cultures. In pursuing this theme the volume is meant to further enrich cross-cultural perspectives on language socialization by providing in each of its chapters an empirically grounded analysis of the development of one specific dimension of discursive skill.
The nine invited chapters comprise new empirical work on the development of specific discourse dimensions. Authors have been asked also to adopt a reflexive stand on their line of research and to incorporate in the chapter a comprehensive and critical perspective on former work on the discursive dimension investigated. The discourse dimensions represented in the volume include narratives, explanations, the language of control in intergenerational and intragenerational talk, the language of humor and affect, and bilingual conversations. The volume offers a rich spectrum of cultural variety in pragmatic development, including studies of American, Greek, Japanese, Mayan, Norwegian, and Swedish children and families.

Surveys psychiatric disorders among Vietnam veterans.

Inside and outside the classroom, children of all ages spend time interacting with their peers. Through these early interactions, children make sense of the world and co-construct their childhood culture, while simultaneously engaging in interactional activities which provide the stepping stones for discursive, social and cognitive development. This collection brings together an international team of researchers to document how children's peer talk can contribute to their socialization and demonstrates that if we are to understand how children learn in everyday interactions we must take into account peer group cultures, talk, and activities. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in the fields of language acquisition, sociolinguistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis, and related disciplines. It examines naturally occurring talk of children aged from three to twelve years from a range of language communities, and includes ten studies documenting children's interactions and a comprehensive overview of relevant research.

Dieser Bericht behandelt die akustischen Aspekte der sprachlichen Kommunikation, insbesondere wenn sie durch Gerausche, Nachhall oder Schwerhorigkeit gestort ist. Produktion und Wahrnehmung von Sprache, also Sprechen und Horen, dienen wesentlich der Integration eines Menschen in das soziale und kulturelle Leben. Beides ist die Voraussetzung fur ein kompetentes Verhalten in der Familie, in der Offentlichkeit, am Arbeitsplatz und in der Ausbildung. Der Fortschritt der Technik verlangt notwendig nach mehr Kommunikation: u.a. aufgrund veranderter Betriebsablaufe (Teamarbeit zur Verbindung von Entwicklung, Konstruktion, Produktion, Verteilung der Arbeit an unterschiedlichen Standorten), an mobilen Arbeitsplatzen, bei der Benutzung akustischer Medien oder mobiler Telefone und beim weltweiten Kommunizieren in einer Zweitsprache. Die Auswirkungen reduzierter Kommunikation aufgrund von Larm oder Schwerhorigkeit sind deshalb betrachtlich. Durch akustisch schlecht gestaltete Raume, Arbeitsplatze und Kommunikationsgerate und durch zu hohe Sprechpegel, z.B. aus Lautsprechern, wird die Sprachkommunikation zusatzlich eingeschrankt. Damit ist nicht nur Wahrnehmen und Verstehen von Sprache reduziert, sondern zwingend auch der Informationsaustausch: die private, soziale und betriebliche Interaktion. Zu beachten sind ebenso auch langfristige Folgen, wie z.B. ein verzogerter Spracherwerb in Kindergarten und Schule, die Abnahme der Qualitat der Arbeit, die Zunahme von Konflikten und von Unfallen am Arbeitsplatz und eine Verminderung der physischen und psychischen Gesundheit. Ausgangspunkt der Analyse ist das Sprecher-Horer-Modell im Kontext der Psychoakustik. Einleitend werden wichtige Grundlagen des Sprechens, der Sprache, der Wahrnehmung und des Verstehens von Sprache dargestellt: der Sprecher produziert Sprache (Sprechweise, Artikulation), die zum Horer im Raum oder uber elektroakustische Anlagen ubertragen wird und gestort werden kann (Bandbegrenzung, Gerausche, Nachhall, Ubersteuerung etc.). Der Horer muss die Sprache wahrnehmen und verstehen, auch wenn er schwerhorig ist oder Gehorschutz tragt. Die Messung der Sprachverstandlichkeit wird anhand der Sprachindices erlautert. Die Methoden zur Bestimmung der Qualitat der Sprachkommunikation werden aufbauend auf der Verstandlichkeit durch Parameter wie Konzentration und Belastigung erganzt und neu formuliert. Die so entwickelten Qualitatsstufen werden ausfuhrlich diskutiert, dazu werden Kriterien fur die Raumgestaltung (u.a. Schulen) abgeleitet. Die Analyse soll es ermoglichen, den Umgebungsbereich fur sprachliche Kommunikation "barrierefrei" zu gestalten, so dass die Kommunikationspartner ungeachtet ihres Alters, individueller Handicaps (begrenzte Sprachkompetenz, Schwerhorigkeit) in offentlichen Bereichen und in der Arbeitswelt als gleichberechtigte Partner am Gesprach teilnehmen konnen. Ziel dieses Buches ist es auch uber die Akustik hinaus einen grossen Leserkreis unterschiedlicher Interessen und Berufsgruppen wie Ergonomen, Psychologen, Mediziner, Architekten, Medienexperten in die Diskussion uber die Sprachkommunikation aus wissenschaftlicher und angewandter Sicht einzufuhren und Hinweise fur eine optimale Gestaltung zu geben."

All of the animals in the forest go into hiding because the wolf is coming, but why they are hiding is the big surprise.

Inside and outside the classroom, children of all ages spend time interacting with their peers. Through these early interactions, children make sense of the world and co-construct their childhood culture, while simultaneously engaging in interactional activities which provide the stepping stones for discursive, social and cognitive development. This collection brings together an international team of researchers to document how children's peer talk can contribute to their socialization and demonstrates that if we are to understand how children learn in everyday interactions we must take into account peer group cultures, talk, and activities. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in the fields of language acquisition, sociolinguistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis, and related disciplines. It examines naturally occurring talk of children aged from three to twelve years from a range of language communities, and includes ten studies documenting children's interactions and a comprehensive overview of relevant research.

This is a collection of contributed essays on topics in interlanguage pragmatics, which is the study of how non-native speakers and listeners use their deficient communicative competence to cope with a variety of communicative tasks. This volume will be the first comprehensive study of this important linguistic topic.