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This volume presents elite conflicts and political controversies in
China from 1895 to 1978 as rooted in two diametrically opposed
visions of leadership and political authority: a radical,
charismatic model that instills absolute authority in the single
leader whose "will" guides the polity and whose "word" is the basis
of policy formulation, versus an institutional model in which
authority inheres in organization and where "collective" leadership
and decision-making govern the political realm. The former model in
modern Chinese history entailed a "leader principle" and
personality cult that began with Sun Yatsen and Chiang Kaishek in
the Nationalist Party (KMT) and reached its peak with the
leadership cult of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao
Zedong, especially during the 1966-1976 Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution. The latter model with its emphasis on "collective
leadership" (jiti lingdao) and "administrative rationalism" began
as a reaction among early members of the CCP against the promotion
of the Sun and Chiang leadership cults and became a central
governing principle in the Communist Party that served as official
leadership doctrine beginning with the formation of the Party in
1921. While tensions over leadership issues were relatively muted
in the pre-1949 period and early 1950s of CCP history as an
apparent "compromise" was reached in which from 1943 onward a cult
of the leader was promoted for propaganda purposes but with
collegial decision-making governing inner Party decision-making,
the mid-to-late 1950s saw this "compromise" among the top
leadership come under increasing strain and finally break down.
Devoted to a fundamentally different vision of a "socialist" China
from other top leaders on a number of economic, social, and
political fronts, Mao Zedong pushed his domination of the policy
process that ultimately provoked a wholesale assault on the CCP
apparatus throughout the country while the leader cult reached
mythic proportions during the Cultural Revolution. Confronted by
the possibility of civil war and generally opposed to the takeover
of the polity by the radical Gang of Four led by his wife Jiang
Qing, by the mid-1970s the aging great leader acquiesced to the
rebuilding of the CCP along traditional, "institutional" lines.
This volume presents elite conflicts and political controversies in
China from 1895 to 1978 as rooted in two diametrically opposed
visions of leadership and political authority: a radical,
charismatic model that instills absolute authority in the single
leader whose "will" guides the polity and whose "word" is the basis
of policy formulation, versus an institutional model in which
authority inheres in organization and where "collective" leadership
and decision-making govern the political realm. The former model in
modern Chinese history entailed a "leader principle" and
personality cult that began with Sun Yatsen and Chiang Kaishek in
the Nationalist Party (KMT) and reached its peak with the
leadership cult of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao
Zedong, especially during the 1966-1976 Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution. The latter model with its emphasis on "collective
leadership" (jiti lingdao) and "administrative rationalism" began
as a reaction among early members of the CCP against the promotion
of the Sun and Chiang leadership cults and became a central
governing principle in the Communist Party that served as official
leadership doctrine beginning with the formation of the Party in
1921. While tensions over leadership issues were relatively muted
in the pre-1949 period and early 1950s of CCP history as an
apparent "compromise" was reached in which from 1943 onward a cult
of the leader was promoted for propaganda purposes but with
collegial decision-making governing inner Party decision-making,
the mid-to-late 1950s saw this "compromise" among the top
leadership come under increasing strain and finally break down.
Devoted to a fundamentally different vision of a "socialist" China
from other top leaders on a number of economic, social, and
political fronts, Mao Zedong pushed his domination of the policy
process that ultimately provoked a wholesale assault on the CCP
apparatus throughout the country while the leader cult reached
mythic proportions during the Cultural Revolution. Confronted by
the possibility of civil war and generally opposed to the takeover
of the polity by the radical Gang of Four led by his wife Jiang
Qing, by the mid-1970s the aging great leader acquiesced to the
rebuilding of the CCP along traditional, "institutional" lines.
The New World came into being in the Europeans' encounter with the
indigenous religions and cultures of Central and South America. Yet
these religions remain little known or are filtered through
inadequate categories such as "animism," "superstition," or
"syncretism." In this volume, an international group of the finest
authorities working on the subject provide rich descriptions and
provocative interpretations of religious ideas rarely gathered in
one place. Since an exhaustive treatment would be impossible (it is
estimated that there could be as many as fifteen thousand different
South American languages living or extinct), the aim is to
illustrate something of the range of religious beliefs and
practices through cases that are exemplary. The first part of the
book describes the religious views of the Aztec, Maya, and Inca,
dating from the time prior to contact with Europeans. The rest of
the book treats contemporary cases from the major cultural and
geographical areas of Central and South America. Whether the focus
is on myth, architecture, ritual celebrations, or shamanic
practice, each essay provides a distinctive profile of the culture
in question.Contributors include David Carrasco, Edgardo J. Cordeu,
Mercedes de la Garza, Alfredo Lopez Austin, Juan Ossia Acuna,
Alejandra Siffredi, Lawrence E. Sullivan, Terence Turner, Peter van
der Loo, Robin M. Wright, and Reiner Tom Zuidema.
In 1892, while training for his historic fight with Gentleman Jim
Corbett, undefeated heavyweight boxing champion John L. Sullivan
wrote "Reminiscences of a 19th Century Gladiator," a summation of
his extraordinary life and career. In the book, the "Boston Strong
Boy" shares with the reader the story of his humble origins and the
obstacles, both legal and personal, that he had to overcome to
become the most famous boxer of the 19th century. This deluxe
edition of the book contains additional material including
never-before-included photographs, newspaper accounts, and
interviews.
Examines The Events Which Precipitated The President Franklin D.
Roosevelt's Bank Holiday Of March 1933.
Those who teach courses in Native American religious traditions
know the difficulty of finding quality books that deal in concise
yet reliable fashion with a number of tribal traditions and are
suitable for use in the classroom. In this volume, Lawrence
Sullivan seeks to help fill this lacuna.
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