New genes and diversity leading to adaptation and evolution are generated in special areas of genomes. One such area in all eukaryotic genomes and in those prokaryotes with linear chromosomes is the region near the ends of the chromosomes. These telomere-associated sequences or subtelomeres, have different properties than the rest of the genome and are one of the most exciting frontiers left in genomics.

This book provides a broad introduction to the field of subtelomeres with detailed information from various fields and systems, covering yeasts and fungi, pathogens and parasites, plants, insects, humans and primates and bacteria with linear chromosomes. Advances in the field as well as continuing challenges are discussed throughout. The mosaic nature of this collection and the everchanging perspectives reflect the nature of subtelomeres themselves.

Unlike the core of most genomes, which are conserved and stable over time, subtelomeres are dynamic and polymorphic, so much so that generally no two individuals look alike in these regions. The dynamic nature of the region and the ability to change the copy number, generate diversity and try novel combinations make it the evolutionary tinker s toolbox. In many organisms the genes found in the region are involved in dealing with the environment. In yeasts, different gene families involved in sugar metabolism as well as clumping together are found in subtelomeres and differences in the region may be the reason why some strains are good for baking, others for brewing and why some are pathogenic. In fungal plant and animal pathogens, many of the genes involved in virulence are found here. In humans and primates there are a number of gene families that vary between ends, for example the diverse olfactory receptor genes. Even in bacterial linear chromosomes the region contains genes involved in adapting to their environments. Perhaps the ultimate use of these regions is in parasites where they rapidly adapt and escape from host immune systems through dynamic changes to the proteins exposed to the host s defenses. Such dynamic, polymorphic structures are also found in plants and insects though it is not always clear what the function might be; in some cases they take on the role of end maintenance. The dynamic, polymorphic nature of subtelomeres, where many ends share segmental duplications, is an exciting area for study but also presents a difficult challenge from the technical perspective."

Covering theoretical methods and computational techniques in biomolecular research, this book focuses on approaches for the treatment of macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and bilayer membranes. It uses concepts in free energy calculations, conformational analysis, reaction rates, and transition pathways to calculate and interpret biomolecular properties gleaned from computer-generated membrane simulations. It also demonstrates comparative protein structure modeling, outlines computer-aided drug design, discusses Bayesian statistics in molecular and structural biology, and examines the RISM-SCF/MCSCF approach to chemical processes in solution.

The original edition of this text, Clinical Evaluation of Medical Devices: Principles and Case Studies, provided the first overview of key pr- ciples and approaches to medical device clinical trials, illustrated with a series of detailed, real-world case studies. The book is designed as a resource for clinical professionals and regulatory specialists working in the field of new medical device development and marketing. Since the first edition of this text was published in 1997, the rapid pace of inno- tion in health care technologies continues to yield exciting and important new products. The regulatory landscape has also evolved, reflecting some of the changes and needs within the medical device industry. The purpose of Clinical Evaluation of Medical Devices: Principles and Case Studies, Second Edition is to provide an updated and expanded presentation of the scientific methods and regulatory requirements applied to the study of new significant risk medical devices. The text now includes (1) new information on the requirements and process for gaining reimbursement of new products from Medicare and private insurers, with case studies of research specifically designed for this p- pose as well as health care technology assessment methods; (2) infor- tion on new statistical methodologies applied to medical device trials; and (3) all new case studies, including examples of combination pr- ucts, three-phase development models (i. e. , feasibility, FDA approval, Medicare reimbursement), and novel study designs.

In Revolutionary America: Washington's Army, Disease and Society, the author argues that smallpox played an integral role in military affairs for both the British and Continental armies, and impacted soldiers and civilians throughout the War for American Independence. Due to the Royal army's policy of troop inoculation and because many British soldiers were already immune to the variola virus, the American army was initially at a disadvantage. Most American colonists were highly susceptible to this dreaded disease, and its presence was greatly feared. General George Washington was keenly aware of this disadvantage and, despite his own doubts, embarked on a policy of inoculation to protect his troops. Use of this controversial, innovative, and effective medical procedure leveled the playing field within the armies. However, by 1777, however smallpox spread throughout America as soldiers interacted with civilian populations. Once military action moved south, American and British auxiliary troops and the enslaved Southern population all succumbed to the disease, creating a disorderly, dangerous situation as the war ends. Washington's implementation of isolation policies as well as mass troop inoculation removed the threat of epidemic smallpox and ultimately protected American soldiers and civilians from the dangers of this much feared disease.

This study explores the female experience of death in early modern England. By tracing attitudes towards gender through the occasion of death, it advances our understanding of the construction of femininity in the period. Becker illustrates how dying could be a positive event for a woman, and for her mourners, in terms of how it allowed her to be defined, enabled and elevated. The first part of the book gives a cultural and historical overview of death in early modern England, examining the means by which human mortality was confronted, and how the fear of death and dying could be used to uphold the mores of society. Becker explores particularly the female experience of death, and how women used the deathbed as a place of power from which to bestow dying maternal blessings, or leave instructions and advice for their survivors. The second part of the study looks at 'good' and 'bad' female deaths. The author discusses the motivation behind the reporting of the deaths and the veracity of such accounts, and highlights the ways in which they could be used for religious, political and patriarchal purposes. The third section of the book considers how death could, paradoxically, liberate a woman. In this section Becker evaluates the opportunity for female involvement in dying and posthumous rituals, including funeral rites and sermons, commemorative and autobiographical writing and literary legacies. While accounts of dying women largely underpinned the existing patriarchy, the experience of dying allowed some women to express themselves by allowing them to utilise an established male discourse. This opportunity for expression, along with the power of the deathbed, are the focus for this study.

Published in 1993: This book provides a comprehensive discussion of the relationships between host plant structure and pathological anatomy. Topics include the structure and development of gum ducts, wound reactions, systemic invasion by bacterial pathogens, diseases caused by MLOs, and responses to cold temperatures.

The vast majority of soldiers and sailors fighting in World War II did not engage the enemy directly. Indeed, for every infantryman actually fighting, eight others were supporting him--driving trucks laden with food and ammunition, securing captured areas, servicing the machinery of war, and manning desks. This is the story of two enlisted men who served in the Pacific war zone in a support capacity. Theirs is not a tale of blood and fighting; instead it is the story of how they adjusted to the routine of war and the relationships they formed with their comrades.

Examines the theoretical and practical outlook of forensic physicians in Imperial Russia, from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, arguing that the interaction between state and these professionals shaped processes of reform in contemporary Russia. It demonstrates the ways in which the professional evolution of forensic psychiatry in Russia took a different turn from Western models, and how the process of professionalization in late imperial Russia became associated with liberal legal reform and led to the transformation of the autocratic state system. Demonstrates the processes by which legal, social, and institutional authority was invested in disciplinary, scientific knowledge, and how these processes were linked to the shaping of a particular vision of legality tailored to Russia's social and political conditions. Identifying the ways in which social actors merged legal reform efforts with their professional objectives, it argues that this interrelationship was productive of a particular occupational perspective and course of reform, rather than an underdeveloped shadow of developments in Western, liberal states.

Early in this century, growing cities seeking to promote their communities came to view the budding local football team as an agent of civic progress and took the necessary measures to see that their interests were ably represented.

As a result, semiprofessional clubs such as the Ironton Tanks and the Portsmouth Spartans faced off against such legendary teams as the Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers. Towns scrambled to raise subscription dollars to build new stadiums, buy contracts for prospective stars, and finance the many road trips.

Capturing the local color of a region as well as the spirited charm of a sport as it came into its own -- before the rules were formalized and the teams so strongly established -- Carl Becker documents a rare time in American history when ideals were being formed and broken and the promise for greatness seemed just within reach of all who tried to grasp it.

Home and Away is a unique chronicle -- more than just a history of the game of football, it is also an intimate study of how the citizens and organizations that made up these cities worked to put themselves on the map of an ever-shifting American landscape.

Until the past decade, clinicians and researchers assumed that the medical evaluation and treatment of both women and men were the same. This archaic and dangerous notion persisted in spite of the clear anatomic and physiologic differences between the genders. Today, we fully understand that this paradigm is false. In all specialties of medicine, practitioners and researchers are beginning to consider the influence of sex and gender and how it should inform the care of their patients. This book focuses on the issue of sex and gender in the evaluation and treatment of patients specifically in the delivery of acute medical care. It serves as a guide both to clinicians interested in the impact of sex and gender on their practice and to researchers interested in the current state of the art in the field and critical future research directions.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately 1 % of the human population and is characterized by a core symptomatology including deficits in social interaction and repetitive patterns of behaviour plus various co-morbidities. Although a lot of progress has been made to uncover underlying causes and mechanisms throughout the last decade, we are still at the very beginning to understand this enormously complex neurodevelopmental condition. This special volume is focused on translational anatomy and cell biology of ASD. International experts from the field including several members of the EU-AIMS initiative launched by the European Union to develop novel treatments for ASD have contributed chapters on several topics covering all crucial aspects of translational ASD research with a special emphasis on ASD model systems including stem cells and animals. Primary objective is to clarify how anatomical and cell biological phenotypes of ASD will help to translate basic mechanisms to clinical practice and to efficiently treat affected individuals in the near future.

New genes and diversity leading to adaptation and evolution are generated in special areas of genomes. One such area in all eukaryotic genomes and in those prokaryotes with linear chromosomes is the region near the ends of the chromosomes. These telomere-associated sequences or subtelomeres, have different properties than the rest of the genome and are one of the most exciting frontiers left in genomics. This book provides a broad introduction to the field of subtelomeres with detailed information from various fields and systems, covering yeasts and fungi, pathogens and parasites, plants, insects, humans and primates and bacteria with linear chromosomes. Advances in the field as well as continuing challenges are discussed throughout. The mosaic nature of this collection and the everchanging perspectives reflect the nature of subtelomeres themselves. Unlike the core of most genomes, which are conserved and stable over time, subtelomeres are dynamic and polymorphic, so much so that generally no two individuals look alike in these regions. The dynamic nature of the region and the ability to change the copy number, generate diversity and try novel combinations make it the evolutionary tinker's toolbox. In many organisms the genes found in the region are involved in dealing with the environment. In yeasts, different gene families involved in sugar metabolism as well as clumping together are found in subtelomeres and differences in the region may be the reason why some strains are good for baking, others for brewing and why some are pathogenic. In fungal plant and animal pathogens, many of the genes involved in virulence are found here. In humans and primates there are a number of gene families that vary between ends, for example the diverse olfactory receptor genes. Even in bacterial linear chromosomes the region contains genes involved in adapting to their environments. Perhaps the ultimate use of these regions is in parasites where they rapidly adapt and escape from host immune systems through dynamic changes to the proteins exposed to the host's defenses. Such dynamic, polymorphic structures are also found in plants and insects though it is not always clear what the function might be; in some cases they take on the role of end maintenance. The dynamic, polymorphic nature of subtelomeres, where many ends share segmental duplications, is an exciting area for study but also presents a difficult challenge from the technical perspective.

Molecular dynamics simulations have become instrumental in replacing our view of proteins as relatively rigid structures with the realization that they were dynamic systems, whose internal motions play a functional role. Over the years, such simulations have become a central part of biophysics. Applications of molecular dynamics in biophysics range over many areas. They are used in the structure determination of macromolecules with x-ray and NMR data, the modelling of unknown structures from their sequence, the study of enzyme mechanisms, the estimation of ligand-binding free energies, the evaluation of the role of conformational change in protein function, and drug design for targets of known structures. The widespread application of molecular dynamics and related methodologies suggests that it would be useful to have available an introductory self-contained course by which students with a relatively limited background in chemistry, biology and computer literacy, can learn the fundamentals of the field. This Guide to Biomolecular Simulations tries to fill this need. The Guide consists of six chapters which provide the fundamentals of the field and six chapters which introduce the reader to more specialized but important applications of the methodology.

Almost every dog owner has a pet who suffers from fear, anxiety, and stress (FAS). They are the underlying cause of many concerning behaviors such as excessive barking, aggression, destructive behaviors, and house-soiling. They are also the source for deterioration of the human-animal bond, and can make a trip to the veterinarian, pet groomer, or boarding facility miserable for pet and owner alike. Left untreated, these negative experiences can lead to devastating consequences and permanent damage. Unfortunately, many well-meaning owners misinterpret or overlook the often subtle signs of emotional injury and turmoil, or think that the pet will simply "outgrow" it. This leads to unnecessary trauma and suffering. Common FAS triggers include: Trips to the veterinarian (even for routine services such as vaccinations and nail trims) Bath time, brushing, or cleaning ears. Loud noises; thunderstorms; fireworks; the vacuum cleaner; construction; gunshots; or even buzzers on appliances. Less-familiar people or animals encountered on walks or near the home. Being left alone during work hours or even for short errands. Travel, including car rides. Finally, there's help. From Fearful to Fear Free is based on the groundbreaking Fear Free program embraced by tens of thousands of veterinary healthcare professionals and hundreds of thousands of pet owners (fearfreepets.com and fearfreehappyhomes.com). This is the first and most authoritative book on the subject of reducing FAS and increasing "happy and calm" in dogs. Since pets communicate nonverbally, this book will help you recognize if your pet is suffering from FAS. By knowing your dog's body language, vocalizations, and changes in normal habits, you can make an accurate diagnosis and take action to prevent triggers or treat the fallout if they do happen. You'll learn: The most effective prescription sedatives for keeping dogs calm and happy during thunderstorms, fireworks, and other stressful events. The positive steps you can take to keep your pet occupied, calm, and content while you're away at work or play. Simple, practical tactics for helping your dog learn to love going to the veterinarian's office literally pulling you into the practice instead of avoiding it! How to easily groom your dog and give him medication. Tips to tame the chaos when guests arrive in your home or when your dog encounters other dogs and people on walks. Ways to tackle some of the common behavior issues that often have a root cause of FAS, while also improving your communication and bond with your pet. The three veterinary coauthors and one highly respected pet trainer have a combined 88 years of experience in the trenches of veterinary medicine, with specialties in behavior and training. By using their cutting-edge techniques, you'll have pets that are happier, healthier and live a longer, fuller life.

There have been significant changes in the academic environment and in the workplace related to computing. Further changes are likely to take place. At Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the manner in which the subject of heat transfer is presented is evolving so as to accommodate to and, indeed, to participate in, the changes. One obvious change has been the introduction of the electronic calcula tor. The typical engineering student can now evaluate logarithms, trigonomet ric functions, and hyperbolic functions accurately by pushing a button. Teaching techniques and text presentations designed to avoid evaluation of these functions or the need to look them up in tables with associated interpolation are no longer necessary. Similarly, students are increasingly proficient in the use of computers. At RPI, every engineering student takes two semesters of computing as a fresh man and is capable of applying the computer to problems he or she encoun ters. Every student is given personal time on the campus computer. In addition, students have access to personal computers. In some colleges, all engineering students are provided with personal computers, which can be applied to a variety of tasks."

The key to sustaining the soil resource base is to maintain, or enhance, soil quality. Soil quality cannot be seen or measured directly from the soil alone but is inferred from soil characteristics and soil behavior under defined conditions. In essence, the quality of soils is analogous to the health of humans, and just as there is no single characteristic that can be measured to quantify a person's health, there is no single measurement that can quantify soil quality. However, there are certain characteristics, particularly when considered together, that are good indicators. Soil quality, just as human health, can be maintained or enhanced by good management practices; and seriously degraded-sometimes irrevers ibly-with poor practices. Soil quality is also important because it has direct and indirect effects on air quality and water quality. While the enhancement of soil quality does not always assure parallel improvements in the quality of air and, particularly, water resources, this is often the case. However, soil deg radation is invariably accompanied by degraded qualities of both air and water resources. The consensus among many scientists is that the greatest challenge is not increasing production, but preventing serious deterioration of the soil and water resource base so that the production level can be sustained."

The original edition of this text, Clinical Evaluation of Medical Devices: Principles and Case Studies, provided the first overview of key pr- ciples and approaches to medical device clinical trials, illustrated with a series of detailed, real-world case studies. The book is designed as a resource for clinical professionals and regulatory specialists working in the field of new medical device development and marketing. Since the first edition of this text was published in 1997, the rapid pace of inno- tion in health care technologies continues to yield exciting and important new products. The regulatory landscape has also evolved, reflecting some of the changes and needs within the medical device industry. The purpose of Clinical Evaluation of Medical Devices: Principles and Case Studies, Second Edition is to provide an updated and expanded presentation of the scientific methods and regulatory requirements applied to the study of new significant risk medical devices. The text now includes (1) new information on the requirements and process for gaining reimbursement of new products from Medicare and private insurers, with case studies of research specifically designed for this p- pose as well as health care technology assessment methods; (2) infor- tion on new statistical methodologies applied to medical device trials; and (3) all new case studies, including examples of combination pr- ucts, three-phase development models (i. e. , feasibility, FDA approval, Medicare reimbursement), and novel study designs.

"Transport in Biological Media"is a solid resource of mathematical models for researchers across a broad range of scientific and engineering problems such as the effects of drug delivery, chemotherapy, or insulin intake to interpret transport experiments in areas of cutting edge biological research. A wide range of emerging theoretical and experimental mathematical methodologies are offered by biological topic to appeal to individual researchers to assist them in solving problems in their specific area of research. Researchers in biology, biophysics, biomathematics, chemistry, engineers and clinical fields specific to transport modeling will find this resource indispensible.
Provides detailed mathematical model development to interpret experiments and provides current modeling practices Provides a wide range of biological and clinical applicationsIncludes physiological descriptions of models"

Modeling of Mass Transport Processes in Biological Media focuses on applications of mass transfer relevant to biomedical processes and technology-fields that require quantitative mechanistic descriptions of the delivery of molecules and drugs. This book features recent advances and developments in biomedical therapies with a focus on the associated theoretical and mathematical techniques necessary to predict mass transfer in biological systems. The book is authored by over 50 established researchers who are internationally recognized as leaders in their fields. Each chapter contains a comprehensive introductory section for those new to the field, followed by recent modeling developments motivated by empirical experimental observation. Offering a unique opportunity for the reader to access recent developments from technical, theoretical, and engineering perspectives, this book is ideal for graduate and postdoctoral researchers in academia as well as experienced researchers in biomedical industries.

Essentials of Surgery efficiently delivers the knowledge you need to succeed in medical school and surgical residencies. More than 80 respected academic surgeons from leading institutions across the United States synthesize the most important information from the field. Essentials of Surgery will get you through this complex and dynamic specialty - expertise you'll turn to for years to come. Zeroes in on the hands-on know-how necessary to diagnose and manage the full range of surgical diseases, including only the minimum basic science needed to meet these clinical challenges. Considers surgery within the full armamentarium of therapeutic options, not simply as the sole route for treatment. Emphasizes minimally-invasive surgery, ambulatory surgery and new surgical technologies to reflect the realities of today's practice. Uses "Pearls for the OR" and "Pearls for Rounds" to convey key information at a glance. Includes hundreds of original full-color illustrations to make concepts clear. Includes one-year access to Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 17th edition. Includes access to www.studentconsult.com - where you'll find the complete text and illustrations of the book online, fully searchable * "Integration Links" to bonus content in other STUDENT CONSULT titles * video clips of common surgical procedures * content clipping for handheld devices * an interactive community center with a wealth of additional resources * and much more!

The objectives of this Second Edition of Biotechnology: A Laboratory Course remain unchanged: to create a text that consists of a series of laboratory exercises that integrate molecular biology with protein biochemistry techniques while providing a continuum of experiments. The course begins with basic techniques and culminates in the utilization of previously acquired technical experience and experimental material. Two organisms, "Sacchaomyces cerevisiae" and "Escherichia coli," a single plasmid, and a single enzyme are the experimental material, yet the procedures and principles demonstrated are widely applicable to other systems. This text will serve as an excellent aid in the establishment or instruction of introductory courses in the biological sciences.
Key Features of this new edition:
* All exercises and appendixes have been updated
* Includes new exercises on
* Polymerase chain reaction
* Beta-Galactosidase detection in yeast colonies
* Western blotting
* New procedures introduced for
* Large-scale plasmid isolation
* Yeast transformation
* DNA quantitation
* New appendixes added, one of which provides details on accessing biological information sites on the Internet (World Wide Web)
* Use of non-radioactive materials and easy access to microbial cultures
* Laboratory exercises student tested for seven years

This text focuses on whether African development has historically been weighted in favour of the urban areas. While the authors come out clearly against urban bias, one of their main worries is that the benefits, and the necessity, of urban development are being lost in adjustment approaches. What is necessary, they suggest, is to harnessthe financial and human resources of the human city as part of a strategy to ensure greater and more widespread economic development. This book provides many important - and controversial - conclusions and recommendations. North America: Heinemann