Pakistan is lucky to have a over dozen oilseed crops, of which it can afford to grow one or the other in all the seasons of year. Despite their importance in our national economy and trade, the oilseed crops in general, are termed as "Miner/ Marginal crops." The status and approach is indirect result of constant by neglecting the oilseed crops as well as agronomic sector. The present crisis demands much attention for the improvement of oilseed crops. Edible oil is an important constituent of our daily diet. Brassica seed oil has been important source of edible oil in Indo- Pak subcontinent especially Pakistan. Rape seed and mustard are the major contributor's after cotton to the local vegetable oil production and thus improved, can be helpful to some extant in bringing up the gap between production and consumption. Existing Brassica napus varieties are low yielding and late in maturity. This situation urges to breed the varieties with high productivity and early maturity. It is also requirement of the time to develop varieties with shattering, insect pests and disease resistances.

"Biotechnology," or "biotech" for short, refers to the application of biological research techniques to develop products and processes using biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives of organisms. Biotech processes have been used for thousands of years, yet the industry we know today is scarcely more than a quarter century old. Bread, cheese and beer all products made from microorganisms have been part of the human diet for 6,000 years. But it was not until the 1970s that scientists began to apply components of these microorganisms at the molecular level to solve human problems in spheres ranging from medicine to agriculture and industry. Due to this breadth of applications, the term "biotechnology" gradually gave way to the more accurate "biotechnologies" or a collection of techniques that apply cellular and molecular characteristics and processes to solve human problems. Such techniques are applied at the molecular level and include genetic manipulation, gene transfer, DNA typing and cloning or microorganisms, plants and animals. Biotech products or "biologics" as they are sometimes called, thus originate from living organisms bacteria, cells or animals.

Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. It includes routine analysis of G-Banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The world has witnessed extraordinary advances in science over the last few decades. Biotechnology one such area of growth is a term covering a broad range of scientific activities used in many sectors, such as food, health and agriculture. It involves the use of living organisms or parts of living organisms to provide new methods of production and the making of new products. Cytogenetics is also defined as the study of chromosomes and how changes in their structure and number can relate to disease. Cytogenetic tests are often used in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and in prenatal diagnosis. The two major techniques used in cytogenetics are karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

Vegetable fats and oils are lipid materials derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid. Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of triglycerides, as contrasted with waxes which lack glycerin in their structure. Although many plant parts may yield oil, in commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily from seeds. The melting temperature distinction between oils and fats is imprecise, since definitions of room temperature vary, and typically natural oils have a melting range instead of a single melting point since natural oils are not chemically homogeneous. Although thought of as esters of glycerin and a varying blend of fatty acids, fats and oils also typically contain free fatty acids, monoglycerides and diglycerides, and unsaponifiable lipids. Vegetable fats and oils may or may not be edible. Examples of inedible vegetable fats and oils include processed linseed oil, tung oil, and castor oil used in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial purposes.

Chrysoperla carnea, known as the common green lacewing, is an insect in the Chrysopidae family. It is found in many parts of North America, Europe and Asia. The adults feed on nectar, pollen and aphid honeydew but the larvae are active predators and feed on aphids and other small insects. It has been used in the biological control of insectpests on crops. Chrysoperla carnea was originally considered to be a single species with a holarctic distribution but it has now been shown to be a complex of many cryptic, sibling species. These are indistinguishable from each other morphologicallybut can be recognised by variations in the vibrational songs the insects use to communicate with each other, which they especially do during courtship. The green lacewing eggs are oval and secured to the plant by long slender stalks. They are pale green when first laid but become gray later. The larvae are about one millimetre long when they first hatch. They are brown and resemble small alligators, crawling actively around in search of prey. They have a pair of pincer-like mandibles on their head with which they grasp their prey, sometimes lifting the victim off the leaf surface to prevent its escape.

Male sterility is the failure of the male gametes to be produced viable i.e there is no formation of the viable pollen grains which carry the male gametes in plants. The pollen grain is non-functional but the female gametes function normally. It occurs in nature sporadically, perhaps due to mutation. Male sterility is also due to environmental factors. Male sterility in crop plants is classified in the following types (1) Genetic Male Sterility (GMS) (2) Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CGMS). (3) Temperature-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility (TGMS). (4) Chemically-Induced Male Sterility (CIMS). (5) Photoperiod-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility (PGMS). (6) Transgenic Genetic Male Seterility (Tr.GMS). Wheat improvement by genetic engineering requires the delivery, integration and expression of defined foreign genes into suitable regenerable explants. Initial attempts at introducing transgenes into wheat employed protoplasts as explants due to the absence of cell walls. Initial steps for genetic transformation involves delivery of a gene cassette into recipient cells followed by analysis of the expression of delivered gene.

Shorttitle: Fodder or animal feed is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. Most animal feed is from plants but some is of animal origin. "Fodder" refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves (see forage). It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes.Forage is plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically the term forage has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or silage. While the term forage has a broad definition, the term forage crop is used to define crops, annual or biennal, which are grown to be utilized by grazing or harvesting as a whole crop

A pulse (Latin "puls," from Greek " " - poltos, "porridge") is an annual leguminous crop yielding from one to twelve seeds of variable size, shape, and color within a pod. Pulses are used for food and animal feed. The term "pulse," as used by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), is reserved for crops harvested solely for the dry seed. This excludes green beans and green peas, which are considered vegetable crops. Also excluded are crops that are mainly grown for oil extraction (oilseeds like soybeans and peanuts), and crops which are used exclusively for sowing (clovers, alfalfa). However, in common use these distinctions are not clearly made, and many of the varieties so classified and are also used as vegetables, with their beans in pods while young cooked in whole cuisines and sold for the purpose; for example black eyed beans, lima beans and Toor or pigeon peas are thus eaten as fresh green beans cooked as part of a meal. Pulses are important food crops due to their ability to fix nitrogen. Just like words such as "bean" and "lentil," the word "pulse" may also refer to just the seed, rather than the entire plant.

Shorttitle: Grains are generally classified as the seeds of cereal plants. They are characterized by their smallness, hardness and low water content. Most of them belong to the family of grasses, known scientifically as the family of gramineas. The ancient Romans called Demeter, the Greek goddess of the, grains and harvests, Ceres. The word cereal is derived from her name. Cereals have been the staple human diet from prehistoric times because of their wide cultivation, good keeping qualities, blend flavor and great variety, Each of the cereals has characteristic properties and uses. The cultivation of grains for human consumption was probably developed around 10,000 B.C. The refining of grains to retain only the endosperm has a commercial basis as the refined material appears cleaner, tastes better and is easier in making breads, pastries and other delicacies. But the refined products made after the removal of germ and bran, lack sufficient bulk and leads to numerous degenerative diseases and even cancer.

Chickpea is the principal rabi pulse crop and important source of calories which is predominantly grown in the vast rainfed areas of Pakistan. Pakistan ranks second to India in terms of acreage Pulses, dry edible seeds of leguminous plants, constitute an important source of balanced human diet throughout the world. Among the pulses, chickpea is the third leading grain legume in the world and first in the South Asia. Ninety two percent of the area and eighty nine percent of the production of grain are concentrated in semi-arid tropical countries of the world The present study pertaining to the estimation of genetic parameters and trait association in eighty chickpea genotypes was conducted in the glasshouse of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Correlation studies for different seedling parameters were found to be associated with each other positively and significantly. On the basis of these results, it may be concluded that seedling length, root length, seedling biomass, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area significantly related with the seedling health. We can select genotypes at seedling level for improvement.