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Pakistan is lucky to have a over dozen oilseed crops, of which it
can afford to grow one or the other in all the seasons of year.
Despite their importance in our national economy and trade, the
oilseed crops in general, are termed as "Miner/ Marginal crops."
The status and approach is indirect result of constant by
neglecting the oilseed crops as well as agronomic sector. The
present crisis demands much attention for the improvement of
oilseed crops. Edible oil is an important constituent of our daily
diet. Brassica seed oil has been important source of edible oil in
Indo- Pak subcontinent especially Pakistan. Rape seed and mustard
are the major contributor's after cotton to the local vegetable oil
production and thus improved, can be helpful to some extant in
bringing up the gap between production and consumption. Existing
Brassica napus varieties are low yielding and late in maturity.
This situation urges to breed the varieties with high productivity
and early maturity. It is also requirement of the time to develop
varieties with shattering, insect pests and disease resistances.
"Biotechnology," or "biotech" for short, refers to the application
of biological research techniques to develop products and processes
using biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives of
organisms. Biotech processes have been used for thousands of years,
yet the industry we know today is scarcely more than a quarter
century old. Bread, cheese and beer all products made from
microorganisms have been part of the human diet for 6,000 years.
But it was not until the 1970s that scientists began to apply
components of these microorganisms at the molecular level to solve
human problems in spheres ranging from medicine to agriculture and
industry. Due to this breadth of applications, the term
"biotechnology" gradually gave way to the more accurate
"biotechnologies" or a collection of techniques that apply cellular
and molecular characteristics and processes to solve human
problems. Such techniques are applied at the molecular level and
include genetic manipulation, gene transfer, DNA typing and cloning
or microorganisms, plants and animals. Biotech products or
"biologics" as they are sometimes called, thus originate from
living organisms bacteria, cells or animals.
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Cytogenetics (Paperback)
Qurban Ali, Muhammad Ahsan, M. Hammad Nadeem Tahir
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R2,069
Discovery Miles 20 690
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Ships in 10 - 15 working days
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Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the
study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the
chromosomes. It includes routine analysis of G-Banded chromosomes,
other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular
cytogenetics such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and
comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The world has witnessed
extraordinary advances in science over the last few decades.
Biotechnology one such area of growth is a term covering a broad
range of scientific activities used in many sectors, such as food,
health and agriculture. It involves the use of living organisms or
parts of living organisms to provide new methods of production and
the making of new products. Cytogenetics is also defined as the
study of chromosomes and how changes in their structure and number
can relate to disease. Cytogenetic tests are often used in the
diagnosis of genetic diseases and in prenatal diagnosis. The two
major techniques used in cytogenetics are karyotyping and
fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).
Vegetable fats and oils are lipid materials derived from plants.
Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are
solid. Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of
triglycerides, as contrasted with waxes which lack glycerin in
their structure. Although many plant parts may yield oil, in
commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily from seeds. The
melting temperature distinction between oils and fats is imprecise,
since definitions of room temperature vary, and typically natural
oils have a melting range instead of a single melting point since
natural oils are not chemically homogeneous. Although thought of as
esters of glycerin and a varying blend of fatty acids, fats and
oils also typically contain free fatty acids, monoglycerides and
diglycerides, and unsaponifiable lipids. Vegetable fats and oils
may or may not be edible. Examples of inedible vegetable fats and
oils include processed linseed oil, tung oil, and castor oil used
in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other
industrial purposes.
Chrysoperla carnea, known as the common green lacewing, is an
insect in the Chrysopidae family. It is found in many parts of
North America, Europe and Asia. The adults feed on nectar, pollen
and aphid honeydew but the larvae are active predators and feed on
aphids and other small insects. It has been used in the biological
control of insectpests on crops. Chrysoperla carnea was originally
considered to be a single species with a holarctic distribution but
it has now been shown to be a complex of many cryptic, sibling
species. These are indistinguishable from each other
morphologicallybut can be recognised by variations in the
vibrational songs the insects use to communicate with each other,
which they especially do during courtship. The green lacewing eggs
are oval and secured to the plant by long slender stalks. They are
pale green when first laid but become gray later. The larvae are
about one millimetre long when they first hatch. They are brown and
resemble small alligators, crawling actively around in search of
prey. They have a pair of pincer-like mandibles on their head with
which they grasp their prey, sometimes lifting the victim off the
leaf surface to prevent its escape.
Male sterility is the failure of the male gametes to be produced
viable i.e there is no formation of the viable pollen grains which
carry the male gametes in plants. The pollen grain is
non-functional but the female gametes function normally. It occurs
in nature sporadically, perhaps due to mutation. Male sterility is
also due to environmental factors. Male sterility in crop plants is
classified in the following types (1) Genetic Male Sterility (GMS)
(2) Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CGMS). (3) Temperature-Sensitive
Genetic Male Sterility (TGMS). (4) Chemically-Induced Male
Sterility (CIMS). (5) Photoperiod-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility
(PGMS). (6) Transgenic Genetic Male Seterility (Tr.GMS). Wheat
improvement by genetic engineering requires the delivery,
integration and expression of defined foreign genes into suitable
regenerable explants. Initial attempts at introducing transgenes
into wheat employed protoplasts as explants due to the absence of
cell walls. Initial steps for genetic transformation involves
delivery of a gene cassette into recipient cells followed by
analysis of the expression of delivered gene.
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Fiber Crops (Paperback)
Qurban Ali, Assistant Prof Muhammad Ahsan, Prof Ihsan Khaliq
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R1,779
Discovery Miles 17 790
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Ships in 10 - 15 working days
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Shorttitle: Fodder or animal feed is any agricultural foodstuff
used specifically to feed domesticated livestock such as cattle,
goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. Most animal feed is from
plants but some is of animal origin. "Fodder" refers particularly
to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to
them), rather than that which they forage for themselves (see
forage). It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted
feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and
legumes.Forage is plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems)
eaten by grazing livestock. Historically the term forage has meant
only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue,
or immature cereal crops, but it is also used more loosely to
include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals,
especially as hay or silage. While the term forage has a broad
definition, the term forage crop is used to define crops, annual or
biennal, which are grown to be utilized by grazing or harvesting as
a whole crop
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Pulses (Paperback)
Qurban Ali, Muhammad Waseem, Muhammad Naees
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R1,785
Discovery Miles 17 850
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Ships in 10 - 15 working days
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A pulse (Latin "puls," from Greek " " - poltos, "porridge") is an
annual leguminous crop yielding from one to twelve seeds of
variable size, shape, and color within a pod. Pulses are used for
food and animal feed. The term "pulse," as used by the Food and
Agricultural Organization (FAO), is reserved for crops harvested
solely for the dry seed. This excludes green beans and green peas,
which are considered vegetable crops. Also excluded are crops that
are mainly grown for oil extraction (oilseeds like soybeans and
peanuts), and crops which are used exclusively for sowing (clovers,
alfalfa). However, in common use these distinctions are not clearly
made, and many of the varieties so classified and are also used as
vegetables, with their beans in pods while young cooked in whole
cuisines and sold for the purpose; for example black eyed beans,
lima beans and Toor or pigeon peas are thus eaten as fresh green
beans cooked as part of a meal. Pulses are important food crops due
to their ability to fix nitrogen. Just like words such as "bean"
and "lentil," the word "pulse" may also refer to just the seed,
rather than the entire plant.
Shorttitle: Grains are generally classified as the seeds of cereal
plants. They are characterized by their smallness, hardness and low
water content. Most of them belong to the family of grasses, known
scientifically as the family of gramineas. The ancient Romans
called Demeter, the Greek goddess of the, grains and harvests,
Ceres. The word cereal is derived from her name. Cereals have been
the staple human diet from prehistoric times because of their wide
cultivation, good keeping qualities, blend flavor and great
variety, Each of the cereals has characteristic properties and
uses. The cultivation of grains for human consumption was probably
developed around 10,000 B.C. The refining of grains to retain only
the endosperm has a commercial basis as the refined material
appears cleaner, tastes better and is easier in making breads,
pastries and other delicacies. But the refined products made after
the removal of germ and bran, lack sufficient bulk and leads to
numerous degenerative diseases and even cancer.
Chickpea is the principal rabi pulse crop and important source of
calories which is predominantly grown in the vast rainfed areas of
Pakistan. Pakistan ranks second to India in terms of acreage
Pulses, dry edible seeds of leguminous plants, constitute an
important source of balanced human diet throughout the world. Among
the pulses, chickpea is the third leading grain legume in the world
and first in the South Asia. Ninety two percent of the area and
eighty nine percent of the production of grain are concentrated in
semi-arid tropical countries of the world The present study
pertaining to the estimation of genetic parameters and trait
association in eighty chickpea genotypes was conducted in the
glasshouse of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Correlation studies for
different seedling parameters were found to be associated with each
other positively and significantly. On the basis of these results,
it may be concluded that seedling length, root length, seedling
biomass, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area significantly
related with the seedling health. We can select genotypes at
seedling level for improvement.
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