This book correlates different minerals and lipids serum profiles with the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders in South Asian countries with special emphasis on Pakistan. Cardiovascular disorders (CVD, e.g. coronary heart diseases, hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, angina, heart failure and deep vein thrombosis) show significantly increasing rates in South Asian countries like Pakistan and have become a major health problem. Nevertheless, the data on any aspect of cardiovascular problems still is scanty. The serum profiles of different minerals (copper, magnesium, zinc, selenium) and lipids are analyzed in detail. The presented data will thus lead to a better understanding of the problem and help to provide possible solutions, which can be achieved, e.g. through ameliorated minerals profiles in the daily diet. These results can help develop better dietary management strategies in the prevention and treatment of CVD.

This book correlates different minerals and lipids serum profiles with the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders in South Asian countries with special emphasis on Pakistan. Cardiovascular disorders (CVD, e.g. coronary heart diseases, hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, angina, heart failure and deep vein thrombosis) show significantly increasing rates in South Asian countries like Pakistan and have become a major health problem. Nevertheless, the data on any aspect of cardiovascular problems still is scanty. The serum profiles of different minerals (copper, magnesium, zinc, selenium) and lipids are analyzed in detail. The presented data will thus lead to a better understanding of the problem and help to provide possible solutions, which can be achieved, e.g. through ameliorated minerals profiles in the daily diet. These results can help develop better dietary management strategies in the prevention and treatment of CVD.

Essentials of Industrial Pharmacy is an attempt to comprehensively present, in a single book, various pharmaceutical processes and equipment that are frequently used for production of pharmaceutical dosage forms, along with quality control tests of these dosage forms. Pictorial/graphical illustrations provide easier understanding of complex pharmaceutical concepts, manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Since it is imperative for pharmacy students to have a clear understanding of the basic concepts used in development of drugs into suitable and stable dosage forms. This book offers a wealth of information regarding basic aspects of pharmaceutical processes and dosage forms, in a single book, for undergraduate pharmacy students or science students  (with no pharmacy background) intended to work in the pharmaceutical Industry.

Essentials of Industrial Pharmacy is an attempt to comprehensively present, in a single book, various pharmaceutical processes and equipment that are frequently used for production of pharmaceutical dosage forms, along with quality control tests of these dosage forms. Pictorial/graphical illustrations provide easier understanding of complex pharmaceutical concepts, manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Since it is imperative for pharmacy students to have a clear understanding of the basic concepts used in development of drugs into suitable and stable dosage forms. This book offers a wealth of information regarding basic aspects of pharmaceutical processes and dosage forms, in a single book, for undergraduate pharmacy students or science students (with no pharmacy background) intended to work in the pharmaceutical Industry.

Mass media, the fourth pillar of democracy plays a pivotal role in up-keeping the socio- political system of a country sound and healthy. Due to the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), the role of mass media has been multiplied to a higher order. Man has conquered time and space due to this modern technology.Mass media really connects the whole universe with a noble mission to share the sorrows and sufferings, pains and strains, success stories of the society. It always, if properly managed, takes a vital part in political affairs.Mass media perform the role of a dynamic watchdog and erects its fingers towards any backlog in a system. It diagnoses the system and opens the pitfalls and tries to rectify it.In this sense, it is a comprehensive and multidimensional concept and encompasses the development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities, and above all the human resources in rural areas.

The termite fauna of an area, locally known as Mianwali, was little known in the past and this fact prompted a dire need to carry out a detailed survey of District Mianwali regarding termite fauna and swarming patterns. The present survey revealed 16 species of termite, of which 06 species are new records for the area studied. Regarding swarming, the present study indicates that wind speed and temperature appear to be the most influencing factors as humidity remained more or less in the same range during the study period. More detailed studies spread over many years are required to finally summarize the exact flight period of different species in relation to environmental factors.

Mass media refers to communication devices, which can be used to communicate and interact with a large number of audiences in different languages.In the current situation, the role of mass media is very import to upgrade the rural society. It can stimulate the rural people towards progress. The mass media have been used at once for transmission of development communications to the people of this society as in others. The aim of the present study is explore the role of mass media in District, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Male (n=30) and female (n=30) rats were divided into as control (CC), horizontal restrained (HR) and head down suspended (HDS) group for winter (20 C to 23 C) and summer season (30 C to 33 C). During winter and summer seasons, male and female rats did show a (P

This study was conducted to check the effect of nutritional supplements to improve the yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin. The nutritional status of the leaves was improved as a result of application of various levels of nutrients in experimental plants. Different nutrients level combination increased plant height and its canopy spreading significantly. Major yield contributing factor i.e. number of fruit set/ branch and yield (kg) were maximum in plants supplied with 80 mL Humic acid + 80 mL of multinutrient spray per plant before, after flowering and in August (three installments, February, April and August) + recommended doses of NPK and FYM. Other physical parameters like fruit weight, fruit size, pulp weight, juice percentage and seed weight were improved by various nutrients combinations. Results regarding fruit chemical parameters like, TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid contents, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars were significantly improved in plants supplied with various levels of nutrient combinations.

The main purpose of writing this book is providing the maximum information to the mango growers about management strategies to overcome the mango malformation and improve the fruit quality. Because, mango (Mangifera indica L.) is known as "king of fruits" due to its delicious taste and excellent flavour. Unfortunately, it is subjected to a large number of disorders right from the plants in the nursery to the fruit in transit and storage, which ultimately results a low yield with poor fruit quality. Of these, mango malformation is most damaging and so far untraceable and uncontrollable. To achieve the goal of high production, the improvement of mango production practices is needed which should eliminate or minimize the potential obstacles in successful mango culture i.e. malformation. Various control measures have been suggested but none of these have been proved satisfactory because of the complex nature of this malady. Therefore the present work was initiated to ascertain the effectiveness of copper and non copper based fungicides as foliar sprays in minimizing the intensity of malformation of mango.

Local people of Cholistan desert of Bahawalpur (Pakistan) have always used medicinal plants for their common health problems by traditional method. Indigenous knowledge of local people about medicinal plant is directly linked to their culture and history. The present study was designed for the Ethnobotanical evaluation of Cholistan desert, which is one of the resource based area of medicinal plants. Indigenous knowledge of local people about the medicinal uses of plants is the source of ideas for new research in drug development and for wider use and economic benefit. There are large number of unexploited plant species in the area which could prove useful. The local people of this desert have good knowledge of the utilization of medicinal plants and this knowledge is going to be lost because of the interference of modern cultural changes. The observations emerged from the present study to be substantiated with pharmaco-chemical studies in the order to evaluate their effectiveness.

The book will serve as basic guideline for post-graduate students initiating their research work in newly emerging field of eco-informatics. The integration of GIS with eco-informatics will increase the visualization and analysis of the data collected and enhance the understanding.. The basic objective of this book is to bring together the two different approaches of GIS and eco-informatics together for analyzing and quantifying the results. It can be used as a reference book for PhD students in disciples such as Ecology, Forestry, Geography, Cartography, Soft-ware-engineering and other related disciplines.

Antipyretic activity of ethanol extracts of Echinops echinatus, Alhagi maurorum, Fagonia cretica, Cymbopogon jwarancusa and Panicum turgidum form Cholistan desert, Pakistan was determined. Plant extracts were prepared by soaking air dried and milled plant material in ethanol for one week, followed by filtration and evaporation at 35oC. Treatment does with concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg of plant extracts were prepared. Fever was produced in rabbits, weighting 1000-1200 grams by injecting Escherichia coli suspension at a concentration of 0.01 ml/kg of body weight. The ethanol extracts of Fagonia cretica, at the dose of 500 mg/kg and Pancium turgidum, at the dose of 500 and 750 mg/kg showed significant antipyretic activity as compared to positive and negative control. The extracts of Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Alhagi maurorum and Echinops chinatus showed antipyretic activity but less than positive control. These results showed that ethanol extracts of Fagonia cretica and Panicum turgidum are more effective in lowering temperature as compared to Echinops echinatus, Alhagi maurorum and Cymbopogon jwarancusa.

Diarrhea a leading cause of illness and death in children in developing countries may lead to the cause of dehydration resulting from loss of water and electrolytes and lack of absorption of nutrients due to inflammatory bowel. A total of forty (40) blood samples were collected from normal and diarrheal children from Allied and Civil Hospital, Faisalabad belong to middle socio-economic class. Blood samples were collected with and without anticoagulant from each individual for separation of serum which was presented at -2 C. Serum biochemicals, hormones and health markers were estimated in triplicate while using standard procedures of analysis. A significant high concentration of LDL, ALT, homocysteine, total oxidant status, K and Mg while serum triglyceride, total proteins, albumin, globulin, T3, T4, total antioxidant status, Na, Ca, Zn and Cu were significantly low in patients with diarrhea. Diarrhea patients have shown a significant increase in DNA damage. In addition, DNA damage has shown a positive correlation with glucose, LDL and with potassium while negative correlation was observed with total proteins, thyroxine, total antioxidant status, sodium and calcium

Cholistan desert is a wild land of its own kind with scarcity of endemic flora, counting only 128 species belonging to 34 families. Homeopathy is a system of therapeutics and 80% homeopathic medicines are based upon plants origin in the form of mother tinctures. Present study was designed to explore homeopathic way of treatment of various diseases by using the mother tincture. A double blind clinical study of mother tinctures and carbo-vegetabilis was performed based on the ethno-botanical information collected from the local people of Cholistan desert. The mother tincture of 19 medicinal plants and carbo-vegetabilis of 4 medicinal plants of Cholistan desert were clinically evaluated against various diseases. The results showed that out of 19 medicinal plants the mother tinctures of 8 plant species was very effective to control various diseases by giving 75-100 % curing percentage. The results of present study concluded that the homeo-mother tinctures of various medicinal plants from Cholistan desert should be trialed and this cheap and safe way of medication should be promoted in the area to control various diseases.

Serum globulin, total antioxidant status and selenium concentration decreased significantly while AST, T3, T4, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, K, Ca, Zn did increase during 1st trimester of pregnancy. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, T3, T4, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, Ca, Zn were significantly higher while serum total proteins, albumin, antioxidant status, Na, K and Se did decrease significantly during 2nd trimester. A significant high level of body temperature, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, AST, T3, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, Ca and zinc concentration while lower concentration of serum proteins, albumin, antioxidant status, Na, Fe and Se concentration was observed in women at the end of the pregnancy. Pearson correlation was determined to observe the relationship of homocysteine and DNA damage with the clinical biochemical profiles of pregnant women.

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional problem throughout the world. Women of reproductive age are relatively more prone to develop this disease because the iron requirements are high during this period of life. Study under report demonstrates the incidence of iron deficiency anemia in day scholar girls studying in various teaching departments of University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, belonging to different socioeconomic status. Iron status of subjects was estimated by various hematological parameters (Hemoglobin, Packed Cellular Volume, Red Blood cell Count, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin Concentration, Serum Albumin and Total Protein) . Serum iron values varied with socioeconomic status and higher income groups had significantly higher serum iron. it was concluded that anemia may be due to poor intake and absorption of iron in low-income groups. The work maybe helpful for public health workers in developing Countries.

Forty (40) age matched individuals of male and female, young and old were selected as normal and obese on the basis of their body mass index (BMI). A significant increase in concentration of serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, albumin, ALT, AST, total oxidant status, MDA and Hcy and a significant decrease in concentration of HDL, total proteins, globulins and antioxidant status (AOS) were observed in obese as compared to normal individuals. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and manganese concentration were significantly high and calcium, CU, Zn and Fe concentration did decrease significantly in obese individuals. Serum globulin, total antioxidant status and iron concentration were negative while body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, albumin, ALT, total oxidants status, MDA, sodium and manganese did show a positive correlation with Hcy in obese individuals. DNA damage was positively correlated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, albumin, ALT, total oxidant status, MDA, sodium, potassium and magnesium while negative correlation was observed with globulin, AOS and iron contents

This book describes the entrance of Cr (III) into the food chain of silkworm from mulberry plants irrigated using Cr (III) containing synthetic effluents during the year 2010 at Sericulture Laboratory in Agricultural Entomology Department. The objective of the study was to evaluate the accumulation of Cr (III) in soil, mulberry leaves, silkworm larvae, silk glands and feaces and to observe the effects of this accumulation on the growth of silkworm larvae and silk yield. The soil, plant, silk glands silkworm and their excreta were sampled to determine Cr. (III) amount using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).The conclusions were withdrawn from the obtained results were(1)Bio- accumulation Cr (III) in soil, mulberry leaves, silk glands, silkworm larvae and faeces was high at the higher concentration of Cr (III) effluent(2)Although Bombyx mori excreted large quantity of Cr(III) but still most of Cr (III) reside inside its body.(3) Food consumption, Coefficient of food utilization and silk yield also affected by the effluent.

The present research work was conducted in the Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during 2009. The objective of this study was, to enhance the longevity and fecundity of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), through improving the artificial diet of its adults. The experiment comprised seven treatments; of which six composed of honey, water and yeast, in a ratio of 1:1:1 and one that of control. The honey used in five of these, was collected from different plant sources, whereas, that employed in the one meant for the inclusion of Vitamin-E, was the common honey. The control treatment, however, comprised the pre-existing standard diet (common honey + water + yeast in 1:1:1 ratio), already being used in the bio-control lab. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and each treatment was repeated thrice.

The purpose of this project is to design and implementation of DES and RSA algorithm. A computer network is designed to send information from one point to another point. This application will help us to encrypt the data and send to other in secure manner. we have discussed about the DES and RSA and then implement in standard level. The schemes and techniques that we can use to transmit data in encrypted format. In other side the receiver decrypt the data to make readable for human. We would like to express greatest thanks to almighty ALLAH for giving the strength to undertake this project. We would also like to thanks our family for its support and prayers throughout the four years. We also wish to thanks our adviser Sir Faisal Riaz with whom we collaborated on several occasions during BSIT. He was key in exposing and pushing us to areas of cryptographic research covered in this thesis.

Until now more than one hundred forms of cancer and variety of infection have been recognised and almost every second tissue in the body can become a source of one type of malignancies or even of several types. The chance of recovery of tumour depends upon the stage and the type of the tumour that is primary or secondary (metastatic). The selection of treatment technique in tumour therapy is critical in giving the patient the best possible prognosis. Today commonly known strategies to treat cancer patients are surgery, external radiation therapy and chemotherapy, regardless of its limited effectiveness in metastasis stage of cancer. Surgery can often prove very effective in removing primary tumours but can do little in terms of micro-metastasis and discovering small or inconspicuous neoplasms. This is being the primary focus of target specific radionuclide therapy. Selective delivery of the radionuclide at the site of malignancies would make therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals a suitable addition to other existing strategies. The study should help nuclear medicine students/researchers in accessing the newly developed radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis.

A one stops comprehensive textbook covering all the essential components of orientation method and their application on vegetation data. Most of problems encountered in vegetation ecology and application of multivariate analysis are taken into account. Ordination analysis can provide insight into the structure of biological communities and into the impact of natural and human induced environment distances on biological assemblage. Moving away from classic vegetation analysis recent orientation techniques were employed for validation of results. This book is recommended for undergraduate and postgraduate courses specializing in orientation and multivariate analysis.