Multimillion dollar poultry industry, always face the threats from emerging/ re-emerging poultry diseases. A major element of disease resistance is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and has regions i.e. B-F, B-L and B-G. BF2 is a predominantly expressed class I gene. Red jungle fowl (RJF) is the sole ancestor of all the present day chicken. The divergence between RJF and domestic chicken is presumed to have originated some 8000 years back. During the 8000 years, the chicken genome has undergone tremendous changes due to intentional selection. There is a general consensus among the animal breeders that many traits/alleles, especially related to adaptability are lost during intense selection. Hence, comparative genomic studies of the RJF and its present day domesticated descendents would answer many of these apprehensions on unequivocal terms. Hence, our aim is to characterize the BF2 gene in RJF.

Malaria is infectious vector borne parasitic and Plasmodium carried by the vector mosquitoes, which belong to genus Anopheles. The first anti-malarial developed later is chloroquine, primaquine, proquanil, pyrimethamine, metloquine etc. The aim of this study is to test the in-vitro antiplasmodial effect of extract and different fractions of Datura innoxia (leaves) and Diospyros melanoxylan (bark). D.innoxia (leaves) and D.melanoxylon. (barks), are collected from the lower forest of uttarakhand which is identified by the local people.The anti-malarial activity of the extract was discernible as number of parasite in mature schizont form in the total of 200 parasites. The crude extract (both water and ethanol) of D. innoxia and D. melanoxylon tested in-vitro had show antimalarial activity. The result of this preliminary study is very much encouraging. Natural products are important source of biologically active compounds and have potential for the development of novel antimalarial drugs. The eradication of the disease has been hampered by the emergence and spread of multi drug resistant malarial parasites, especially P.falciparum strains resistant to many antimalarial drugs."

In plant biotechnology, the in-vitro studies are performed by culturing the plant cell, tissue and organ on an artificially prepared nutrient medium static or liquid under aseptic conditions. The effect of some plant growth regulators were studied on seedling growth and stomatal characters of Brassica campestris L. V.mungo (L.) Hepper, V.radiate (L.) Wilczek.) through in-vitro studies. Black gram (Vigna mungo), is an important short duration pulse crop grown in many parts of India, cultivating both in Kharif and Rabi season. The optimum temperature for better growth of these crops ranges between 25 to 350C, but it can tolerate up to 420C which permit to cultivate during summer and winter season. Mungbean crop (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek) is considered as one of the new crop in Egypt, it is important legume crop characterized by a relative high content of protein. The application of novel tissue culture and genetic engineering technology could offer efficient and stable plant regeneration. Brassica are still considered as an important source of green vegetable in the developing countries and the potential for market diversification of some new crop types.

The transmission electron microscope, commonly referred to as a TEM, is more powerful than the traditional light microscope. Transmission electron microscopes allow the user to see the fine details of the specimens which are normally not seen in microscopes of a lower power. The invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) enabled scientists to view living material in a way that was previously impossible. Bacteria and other living matter could now be examined on the cellular level through their magnetic structures, allowing scientists to view formation of DNA chains and crystalline structures to determine if certain cells are forming properly or are "misaligned." TEM technology has become a useful diagnostic tool for disease and infection, allowing doctors to identify healthy tissue from damaged areas, and allowing pharmaceutical companies to develop affective treatments to defeat disease-causing bacteria.

Malaria is one of the most common diseases in developing countries and poses a great challenge to world health. Resistance of malaria parasites to available antimalarial drugs remains the main challenge to the effective control of the disease. The physiological conditions prevailing with in the acidic digestive vacuoles of the malaria parasites provide a suitable physiochemical environment for conversion of heam to beta-hematin/hemozoin. Though the both protein as well as lipids mediated beta-hematin formation remain valid hypothesis but later seems to be more relevant, when mechanism of hemozoin synthesis is considered as a simple physiochemical reaction. Some repeats earlier heme show loss of beta-hematin formation activity of the parasite lysate by protenase K and heat treatment. The digestion of this cytosol, which consists essentially of hemoglobin results in the formation of potentially toxic ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP). Several antimalarial drugs are thought to exert their effect by complexing with FP, thus inhibiting its detoxification through polymerization to hemozoin. Our aim shows that inhibition of heam polymerization by Arteether.