There are two main trends distinguishable amongst Muslim reformists - revivalists and modernists. This book charts and analyses the main trends of Muslim reformist political thought in Bukhara. It is the first to utilize original sources preserved in Soviet archives that were previously inaccessible to western scholars. The author has translated numerous original documents from Tajiki and Russian into English. This book thus serves as a useful resource for students of Islam, Central Asia, the former Soviet Union, and of law, politics and philosophy.

There are two main trends distinguishable amongst Muslim reformists - revivalists and modernists. This book charts and analyses the main trends of Muslim reformist political thought in Bukhara. It is the first to utilize original sources preserved in Soviet archives that were previously inaccessible to western scholars. The author has translated numerous original documents from Tajiki and Russian into English. This book thus serves as a useful resource for students of Islam, Central Asia, the former Soviet Union, and of law, politics and philosophy.

Articaine hydrochloride, a water soluble local anesthetic, is administered by block/infiltration anesthesia during the treatment of periodontitis. The pain, associated with injection of local anesthetics, can be overcome by the use of in situ gel forming system of local anesthetics. The system is a low viscosity fluid at room temperature and rigid elastic gel at body temperature, undergoing in situ sol gel transition.The present work describes the formulation, characterization and preliminary drug release studies of muco-adhesive formulations containing articaine, polaxomer 407 as the thermoreversible gelling agent in combination with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and Carbopol 934P, as a muco-adhesive agent. Each formulation was characterized in terms of gelling temperature, viscosity, muco-adhesive force, spreadability, drug release.The gelling temperature varied with the polymer concentration and the presence of drug.The in vitro and ex vitro permeation studies indicated the sustained drug release for a 7-h period.Prospective Process Validation was also performed on formulations.The developed system is a viable alternative for the conventional injectable dosage form.

Banking sector is one of the basic pillars of the economy of any country. Development of banking sector as a whole depends upon the skills of the human resources of a country. Banks individually provide training and development initiatives to their employees so that the employees may contribute towards the success of that bank. This book examines this phenomenon in new light that whether on-the-job training initiatives taken by the banks contribute towards the behavior of banking personnel or not. After studying this book managers and academicians will come to know that coaching and job rotational activities in financial institutions predict the behaviors; employee motivation, employee commitment and job involvement. This book not only highlights the importance of training activities as a behavioral drive but also provide comparative significance of the two methods of training that the banks use.

The study of on-the-job training in service sector has always been a widely discussed topic in the literature. Well-trained workforce is considered a critical success factor for modern organizations in today's dynamic corporate environment and organizations particularly financial institutions from all around the globe spend huge amounts of money per year on formal on-the-job training of their employees but still much is unknown regarding the phenomenon in the context of developed countries like Pakistan. This book enhances the understanding of a little studied topic by empirically identifying OJT techniques being used in banking organizations of Pakistan and which one is more extensively used than the others. After studying this book academicians and managers will come to know that financial institutions which spend more on OJT of their employees are relatively more successful as human resources contribute to productivity more than physical and other resources. This book also provides some recommendations on how on-the-job training practices can be improved in banks and therefore it will serve as a base for future research on a much important but little studied phenomenon.

Present study was conducted in District Gujrat to investigate the impact of the microcredit scheme of Punjab Rural Support Program (PRSP) on women's empowerment. Researches throughout the developing world have highlighted the impact of microcredit programs on women's empowerment. This research was divided into three main sections. First section deals with the status of women at housed level before taking microcredit while second and third sections deal with the impact of microcredit in raising women's awareness and women's empowerment after taking microcredit. In the second section information was analyzed that whether microcredit increased the awareness among women regarding their status, legal rights and importance of say at household level. In the last section a situational analysis of the women after taking microcredit is presented. The data analysis has shown that there is a positive impact of microcredit program introduced by PRSP in the rural Gujrat on women's empowerment.

This book deals with the nature and extent of the disaster management among the rural inhabitants of District Barkhan in Balochistan. This work tries to understand the different types of indigenous early warning mechanisms in the locale i.e. wind based early warning system, animals based early warning system, and indigenous astronomy. This study also addresses the relationship between indigenous knowledge and early warning system.

This book is based on the ethnographic study conducted in Imambargah Hussainyia in Rural Jhang, Pakistan. The main aim of this research was to investigate the ways of Muharram rituals performance among the Shi'a devotees in the locale. Researchers have used mix methods to investigate the intensity and magnitude of the rituals performance. The inhabitants perform following rituals during the month of Muharram; matam, majales, taziya, processions, alam, zuljinah, langar, and visitation of the holy shrines. According to Shi'a Muslims, these rituals were started soon after the incident of the Karbala in 61 year of Islamic Calendar. With the passage of time, these rituals matured and altered by the devotees of differences races and regions. In the present study area, people practice these rituals as a part of their daily activities and they love to practice the teachings of their Imams. For the community members, Muharram is a month of symbolic association of the Shi'as towards their Imams. Practices they perform are venerating them to the cohesion and letting them to develop a strong association at communal level.

Revisiting Migration Issues in Pakistan is a collection of articles, based on the primary research conducted by the different scholars across Pakistan. It mainly addresses the international migration related issues in Pakistan. Few of the articles are addressing the general patterns of international migration and its impact on the local communities in Pakistan while there are some articles on the issues of utilization patterns of international remittances. Subsequently, this book also focuses on the brain drain issues and how the internationalization of the job market has increased the chances for the skilled persons to move abroad for the search of reasonable professions. The article presented in this book shows that migration of the parents had inverse affect on the education performance of their children left behind. Last article of the book addresses the problems of the social integration of the Pakistani migrants living in Norway.

Present study is based on anthropological fieldwork conducted in 2005-06. This research tries explores the major reasons of sectarian divide in early Muslim society and its expansion to the later period. It also investigates the major causes and consequences of sectarian conflict in district Jhang. The District Jhang among others faced worst nature of sectarian conflict in the history of Pakistan. The sectarianism here in Jhang is a conflict between Shiites and Deobandis. Throughout the last three decades sectarian clashes increased dramatically in Jhang. According to the office records of Jhang District Police Officer (DPO), 123 sectarian clashes were registered in various Police Stations from 1989 to 2002. These clashes produced high uncertainty among inhabitants with large-scale emigration; affected businesses; and unprecedented deaths on both sides. There are different precursors of this sectarian conflict. Among others theological difference; religious leaders' strife and political patronage; and ethnic identities of the inhabitants are the major determinants of this conflict.

The present study intends to analyze women's autonomy and its relationship with maternal health care utilization in rural Gujrat, Pakistan. A survey was conducted in three Union Councils (Doga, Kernana & Malka) of Tehsil Kharian, District Gujrat. A sample size of 104 female respondents (delivered a baby having the age group of 6 weeks to 8 months) was drawn with the help of multi-stage random sampling technique by collecting sampling frame from the concerned Union Council Offices. Interview schedule was developed to collect relevant information from the respondents. Univeriat tables were generated to show frequency distribution and percentages. Cross-tabulations were constructed to show the relationship of different variables. Spearman's rho statistical test was used to test the hypothesis. There was a positive association between women's autonomy and maternal health care utilization.

The present study intends to analyze the impact of women's education on maternal health care utilization in rural areas of District Gujrat. A survey was conducted in one Union Council (Kunjah) of Tehsil Gujrat. A sample of 139 female respondents (delivered a baby having the age group of 6 weeks to 8 months) was drawn with the help of simple random sampling technique. List of females was collected from Union Council Office. Interview schedule was developed to collect relevant information from the respondents. Univariat tables were constructed to show frequency distribution and percentages. Cross-tabulations were constructed to show the relationship of different variables. Statistical test Tau-b and Gamma was used to test the hypothesis. A great significance was seen after the data analysis and interpretation between women's education and maternal health care utilization in the selected Union Council of District Gujrat.

Fighting against poverty is one of the core objectives of United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) under the project the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The potential to gain economic opportunities depends on the scale of access to monetary services. Micro finance made possible the access of the poor to the economic opportunities and enhanced their income in order to come out of the poverty cycle. The main objective of the study was to explore the impact of micro credit provided by NRSP on poverty alleviation in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A survey with the help of purposive sampling was conducted and 100 borrowers of NRSP were selected as respondent from five villages. The result shows that Micro credit had made a significant difference in improving income levels of the borrowers. Micro credit is an effective tool which works as a mediator towards the improved livelihood of the loonies and also enhances their income. Borrowers were satisfied by the utilization of micro credit in a productive and purposeful way. People in rural areas have been benefiting from micro credit scheme.

Determination of stock price has always been a complex puzzle and a burning issue in the literature of investment finance. From company specific variables such like dividends, earnings and leverage, the theory has progressed towards the development of sophisticated models which have considerable predictability power regarding stock price movements. These theories and models work well in the large stock markets of developed economies, but still much is unknown regarding the phenomenon, particularly referring to the comparatively small stock markets of developing nations. Do these factors, theories and models are efficient in the stock markets of developing countries as they are in stock markets of developed nations? This book provides empirical evidence on this phenomenon by explorations of all important variables in the literature along with applicability of some famous models with regard to stock price prediction. Both the company specific and macroeconomic factors are accounted for in the analysis and importance of industry differences for stock evaluation is also highlighted in the analysis.

This book is a comparative study of Chinese and Russian policies in their respective inner peripheries. As the inner peripheries of the two states are rather vast, a selected number of regions have been chosen from the two geographical expanses. These regions are not only rich in hydrocarbons and minerals but also serve as conduits of the same. Moreover, the geographical position of the Caucasus provides Russia with an ingress into the Transcaucasia; a region that has often presented Moscow with serious challenges in international politics. Similarly, Xinjiang and Tibet serve as supply bases of hydrocarbon and mineral, and as conduits of the same to the Chinese regime. In addition to this, while Tibet serves as China's anchorage in Himalayas and a buffer zone against the Indian threat, Xinjiang is China's gateway to the resource rich Central Asian market. With both Russia and China on the path of changing the post-Soviet unipolar order; insights on Sino-Russian ties and the various challenges and opportunities available to the two states are inevitable for any reader trying to understand the complexity of international politics in general and of Chinese and Russian politics in particular of the twenty-first century.