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This represents the third volume in a series on cancer markers pub-
lished by the Humana Press. The first volume, published in 1980,
stressed the relationship of development and cancer as reflected in
the production of markers by cancer that are also produced by
normal cells during fetal development. The concept that cancer
represents a problem of differentiation was introduced by Barry
Pierce in describing differenti- ation of teratocarcinomas.
Highlighted were lymphocyte markers, alphafetoprotein,
carcinoembryonic antigen, ectopic hormones, enzymes and isozymes,
pregnancy proteins, and fibronectin. The second volume, published
in 1982 and coedited with Britta Wahren, focused on the diagnostic
use of oncological markers in human cancers, which were
systematically treated on an organ by organ basis. At that time,
the application of monoclonal antibodies to the identification of
cancer markers was still in a very preliminary stage. A general
introduc- tion to monoclonal antibodies to human tumor antigens was
given there by William Raschke, and other authors included coverage
of those mark- ers then detectable by monoclonal antibodies in
their chapters.
The ability to diagnose cancer by simple measurement of a serum or
tissue' 'marker" has been a goal of medical science for many years.
There is ample evidence that tumor cells are different from normal
cells and pro duce substances that can be detected by currently
available immuno chemical or biochemical methods. These "cancer
markers" may be se creted proteins, enzymes, hormones, fetal serum
components, monoclonal immunoglobulins, cell surface components, or
cytoplasmic constituents. The purpose of this book is to present
the current status of our knowledge of such cancer markers. The
first tumor marker identified by laboratory means was Bence Jones
protein. In a series of lectures delivered to the Royal College of
Phy sicians in London in 1846, Dr. H. Bence Jones described studies
on a urine sample sent to him with the following note: "Dear Dr.
Jones-The tube contains urine of very high specific gravity. When
boiled it becomes slightly opaque . . . . etc. " Dr. Jones found
that heating of the urine after addition of nitric acid resulted in
formation of a heavy precipitate; acid ad dition may have been
required to bring the urine to pH 4-6 at which Bence Jones proteins
are more likely to precipitate when heated. This urinary pre
cipitate was associated with a bone disease termed "mollities
ossium. " H. Bence Jones, Papers on Chemical Pathology, Lecture
III. Lancet 2, 269-274 (1847)]."
In Cellular Cancer Markers leading pathologists and physicians
review today's most promising cellular cancer markers, an important
emerging class of prognostic markers that can be used in the
clinical evaluation of cancer patients. The markers reviewed have
been chosen because they are biologically relevant to the growth of
cells and possess an accurate and reproducible assay for detection.
They also are predictors of tumor behavior, are useful in making
clinical decisions, and are cost effective.
Cellular Cancer Markers provides a status report for markers of
tumor cell activation, proliferation, and longevity that makes
possible an informed judgment regarding the value of many newly
proposed tumor markers. It also offers insight into the latest
approaches to diagnosing cancer and an appreciation of how these
marker-based tests can clarify the prognosis of cancer.
The purpose of this book-the fourth volume of a series on Can cer
Markers-is intended to provide an updated "status report" on
today's use of cancer markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of
can cer, with an emphasis on cancer markers detected in the serum.
It has been 7 years since the publication of the last volume in
this series. The 1980, 1982, and 1985 volumes covered the
development of cancer markers, not only in their roles of
unraveling the basic biology of can cer, but also as increasingly
important players in the management of patients with cancer. During
the last 7 years we have seen the applica tion of a number of
markers identified by monoclonal antibodies, as well as the
beginnings of the use of genetic markers defined by mo lecular
probes. Measurements of oncogenes in tissues or cells prom ise many
applications for the future, but as yet, these genes have not shown
to be useful as serum markers of cancer. The commercial interest in
serum markers for cancer, particu larly for the diagnosis and
monitoring of tumor patients, is indicated in Chapter 24 by Owen,
where the total worldwide market for cancer markers is projected to
increase from $148 million in 1988 to $232 million in 1993. The
degree of research interest in cancer markers is reflected in the
fact that in 1988 a separate category for tumor mark ers was added
to Index Medicus."
Developmental cancer products (oncodevelopmental markers, ODM) not
only serve as diagnostic and prognostic indicators but also may be
used to study the nature of the carcinogenic process and the
biology of tumors. For many years oncologists have searched for
markers of cancer cells that would permit unequivocal recognition
of cancer in contrast to noncancerous tissue. The earliest and
still most widely used method of identification of cancer tissue or
cells is the structural resemblance of cancer tissue to fetal or
immature tissue. Pathologists not only recognize cancer by its
morphologic similarity to fetal tissues, but also in many instances
can relate the behavior of a given tumor to the degree of tissue
differentiation. Thus, poorly differentiated tumors that resemble
fetal tissue generally grow more rapidly and metastasize earlier
than do well-differentiated tumors that more closely resemble adult
tissue. In recent years the commonality of fetal and cancer tissue
has been extended to products of tumor cells that, can be analyzed
by biochemical, immunological, or physiological techniques. Increas
ingly, products of cancer cells similar to fetal products are being
identified and studied. These products range from cell-surface
markers (fetal or differentiation antigens), placental proteins,
hormones, and isoenzymes to a multitude of products, such as
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alphafetoprotein (AFP), lymphocyte
markers, and nucleic acids, such as tRNA, that are produced in
small amounts by v vi PREFACE continually differentiating cells in
the adult but in much greater amounts by tumors."
The purpose of this book-the fourth volume of a series on Can cer
Markers-is intended to provide an updated "status report" on
today's use of cancer markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of
can cer, with an emphasis on cancer markers detected in the serum.
It has been 7 years since the publication of the last volume in
this series. The 1980, 1982, and 1985 volumes covered the
development of cancer markers, not only in their roles of
unraveling the basic biology of can cer, but also as increasingly
important players in the management of patients with cancer. During
the last 7 years we have seen the applica tion of a number of
markers identified by monoclonal antibodies, as well as the
beginnings of the use of genetic markers defined by mo lecular
probes. Measurements of oncogenes in tissues or cells prom ise many
applications for the future, but as yet, these genes have not shown
to be useful as serum markers of cancer. The commercial interest in
serum markers for cancer, particu larly for the diagnosis and
monitoring of tumor patients, is indicated in Chapter 24 by Owen,
where the total worldwide market for cancer markers is projected to
increase from $148 million in 1988 to $232 million in 1993. The
degree of research interest in cancer markers is reflected in the
fact that in 1988 a separate category for tumor mark ers was added
to Index Medicus.
The ability to diagnose cancer by simple measurement of a serum or
tissue' 'marker" has been a goal of medical science for many years.
There is ample evidence that tumor cells are different from normal
cells and pro duce substances that can be detected by currently
available immuno chemical or biochemical methods. These "cancer
markers" may be se creted proteins, enzymes, hormones, fetal serum
components, monoclonal immunoglobulins, cell surface components, or
cytoplasmic constituents. The purpose of this book is to present
the current status of our knowledge of such cancer markers. The
first tumor marker identified by laboratory means was Bence Jones
protein. In a series of lectures delivered to the Royal College of
Phy sicians in London in 1846, Dr. H. Bence Jones described studies
on a urine sample sent to him with the following note: "Dear Dr.
Jones-The tube contains urine of very high specific gravity. When
boiled it becomes slightly opaque . . . . etc. " Dr. Jones found
that heating of the urine after addition of nitric acid resulted in
formation of a heavy precipitate; acid ad dition may have been
required to bring the urine to pH 4-6 at which Bence Jones proteins
are more likely to precipitate when heated. This urinary pre
cipitate was associated with a bone disease termed "mollities
ossium. " H. Bence Jones, Papers on Chemical Pathology, Lecture
III. Lancet 2, 269-274 (1847)]."
In Cellular Cancer Markers leading pathologists and physicians
review today's most promising cellular cancer markers, an important
emerging class of prognostic markers that can be used in the
clinical evaluation of cancer patients. The markers reviewed have
been chosen because they are biologically relevant to the growth of
cells and possess an accurate and reproducible assay for detection.
They also are predictors of tumor behavior, are useful in making
clinical decisions, and are cost effective.
Cellular Cancer Markers provides a status report for markers of
tumor cell activation, proliferation, and longevity that makes
possible an informed judgment regarding the value of many newly
proposed tumor markers. It also offers insight into the latest
approaches to diagnosing cancer and an appreciation of how these
marker-based tests can clarify the prognosis of cancer.
Developmental cancer products (oncodevelopmental markers, ODM) not
only serve as diagnostic and prognostic indicators but also may be
used to study the nature of the carcinogenic process and the
biology of tumors. For many years oncologists have searched for
markers of cancer cells that would permit unequivocal recognition
of cancer in contrast to noncancerous tissue. The earliest and
still most widely used method of identification of cancer tissue or
cells is the structural resemblance of cancer tissue to fetal or
immature tissue. Pathologists not only recognize cancer by its
morphologic similarity to fetal tissues, but also in many instances
can relate the behavior of a given tumor to the degree of tissue
differentiation. Thus, poorly differentiated tumors that resemble
fetal tissue generally grow more rapidly and metastasize earlier
than do well-differentiated tumors that more closely resemble adult
tissue. In recent years the commonality of fetal and cancer tissue
has been extended to products of tumor cells that, can be analyzed
by biochemical, immunological, or physiological techniques. Increas
ingly, products of cancer cells similar to fetal products are being
identified and studied. These products range from cell-surface
markers (fetal or differentiation antigens), placental proteins,
hormones, and isoenzymes to a multitude of products, such as
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alphafetoprotein (AFP), lymphocyte
markers, and nucleic acids, such as tRNA, that are produced in
small amounts by v vi PREFACE continually differentiating cells in
the adult but in much greater amounts by tumors."
This represents the third volume in a series on cancer markers pub-
lished by the Humana Press. The first volume, published in 1980,
stressed the relationship of development and cancer as reflected in
the production of markers by cancer that are also produced by
normal cells during fetal development. The concept that cancer
represents a problem of differentiation was introduced by Barry
Pierce in describing differenti- ation of teratocarcinomas.
Highlighted were lymphocyte markers, alphafetoprotein,
carcinoembryonic antigen, ectopic hormones, enzymes and isozymes,
pregnancy proteins, and fibronectin. The second volume, published
in 1982 and coedited with Britta Wahren, focused on the diagnostic
use of oncological markers in human cancers, which were
systematically treated on an organ by organ basis. At that time,
the application of monoclonal antibodies to the identification of
cancer markers was still in a very preliminary stage. A general
introduc- tion to monoclonal antibodies to human tumor antigens was
given there by William Raschke, and other authors included coverage
of those mark- ers then detectable by monoclonal antibodies in
their chapters.
The power of stem cells for tissue development, regeneration, and
renewal has been well known by embryologists and developmental
biologists for many years. Those presently active in research in
the stem cell field owe much to previous work by embryologists and
cancer researchers for their insights into what stem cells can do.
In the last 4- 5 years, the rapid expansion of the concept of adult
tissue stem cells as pluripotent progenitors for various tissues
has led to an even greater appreciation of the power of stem cells.
The demonstration that both embryonic and adult tissue stem cells
have the ability to produce progenitor cells for tissue renewal has
opened vast possibilities for treatment of congenital deficiency
diseases as well as for regeneration of damaged tissues. Older
concepts of determination leading to loss of potential during
differentiation of adult tissues are being replaced by newer ideas
that cells with multiple potential exist in different forms in
various adult organs and that cells thought to be restricted to
differentiation to one cell type may be able to
"transdifferentiate" into other tissue cell types. Thus, the
concept of "embryonic rests" in adult tissues, hypothesized to be
the cellular origin of cancer by Durante and Conheim in the 1870s,
now can be expanded to include survival of pluripotential
embryonic-like stem cells in adult tissues.
Seventeen cutting-edge chapters review both basic research and
clinical applications of chromosomal markers of cancer. The new
markers offer great promise, not only for their clinical utility in
diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring, but also for their
contributions to a better understanding of the mechanisms of tumor
development and progression. The chapters-all written by leading
authorities-skillfully reveal fresh insights into the translational
role of cytogenetics in identifying the cellular and molecular
changes that occur in cancer. Coverage is devoted to many tissue
systems-colon, breast, prostate, lung, skin, brain, and
kidney-where the diagnostic and prognostic utility of chromosome
markers is clearly demonstrated. A seminal book certain to become
the front-line reference and authoritative resource needed by all
scientists and clinicians engaged in cancer research, diagnosis,
and management.
This book discusses critical areas of progress in stem cell
research, including the most recent research and applications of
pluripotent embryonic cells, induced pluripotent cells, oligopotent
tissue stem cells and cancer stem cells. The text covers basic
knowledge of stem cell biology, stem cell ethics, development of
techniques for applying stem cell therapy, the technology of
obtaining appropriate cells for transplantation as well as the role
of stem cells in cancer and how therapy may be directed to cancer
stem cells. This new volume is essential reading for all scientists
currently in the field or allied research areas, and those for
those graduate students who envision a career in stem cells.
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