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Over the last several years the field of humanized mice has matured
and developed into an essential component of translational research
for HIV/AIDS. Humanized mice serve both as vehicles for discovery
and as highly sophisticated platforms for biomedical research. In
addition, humanized mice have demonstrated outstanding potential
for the investigation of critical aspects of the infection and
pathogenesis of the hepatitis and herpes viruses, as well as highly
relevant microbial infections such as tuberculosis and malaria.
Humanized Mice for HIV Research provides a comprehensive
presentation of the history, evolution, applications, and current
state of the art of this unique animal model. An expansion of
twelve review articles that were published in Humanized Mice by
Springer in 2008 (Eds: Nomura T, Watanabe T, Habu S), this book
expertly captures the outstanding progress that has been made in
the development, improvement, implementation, and validation of
humanized mouse models. The first two parts of this book cover the
basics of human-to-mouse xenotransplantation biology, and provide
critical information about human immune cell development and
function based on individual models created from different
immunodeficient strains of mice. The third and fourth parts
investigate HIV-1 biology, including different routes of
transmission, prevention, treatment, pathogenesis, and the
development of adaptive immunity in humanized mice. The fifth part
shows the broad applicability of humanized mice for therapeutic
development, from long-acting antiretroviral combinations to
genetic manipulations with human cells and cell-based approaches.
The sixth part includes liver tissue engineering and the expansion
of humanized mice for many other human cell-tropic pathogens.
Proceedings of the First European Congress on Industrial Property
Rights and Innovation
Rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular
mechanisms of cell growth and oncogenesis during the past decade.
This book comprises recent results on the regulation of cell growth
in normal and neoplastic tissues by growth factors including
hormones, and by the activation and inactivation of oncogenes and
tumor suppressor genes, respectively. Special attention has been
given to the presentation of the frequently neglected close
correlation between changes in signal transduction and metabolism
pathways during oncogenesis.
In Anti-racist Pedagogy in the Early Childhood Classroom, author
Miriam Tager provides detailed descriptions of Anti-Racist lessons
and activities in early childhood classrooms. With accounts and
examples from educators integrating anti-racist teachings into
their classroom, this book explores what Anti-racist Pedagogy can
look like and how these early childhood educators effectively
utilize Anti-racist Pedagogy to combat racism within schools. The
book also includes professional tips and advice for the higher
education teacher to use in their teacher education programs to
better prepare pre-service teachers for addressing issues on race
and racism within their classrooms.
Technology segregation is an ongoing practice within early
childhood programs in the United States. This research, which
includes two qualitative studies in the Northeast, reveals that
school segregation and technology segregation are one in the same.
Utilizing critical race theory, as the theoretical framework, this
research finds that young Black children are denied technological
access directly affecting their learning trajectories. PTO
fundraising and other monetary donations to public schools vary by
district and neighborhood and are based on segregation. Therefore,
structural racism flourishes within these early childhood programs
as black students are excluded from another important content area
and practice. This book defines the problem of technology
segregation in terms of policy, racial hierarchies, funding,
residential segregation, and the digital divide. It challenges the
racist framework and reveals disruptions (strategies) to counter
this deficit discourse based on white supremacy.
Challenging the normative paradigm that school readiness is a
positive and necessary objective for all young children, this book
asserts that the concept is a deficit-based practice that fosters
the continuation of discriminatory classifications. Tager draws on
findings of a qualitative study to reveal how the neoliberal agenda
of school reform based on high-stakes testing sorts and labels
children as non-ready, affecting their overall schooling careers.
Tager reflects critically on the relationship between race and
school readiness, showing how the resulting exclusionary measures
perpetuate the marginalization of low-income Black children from an
early age. Disrupting expected notions of readiness is imperative
to ending practices of structural classism and racism in early
childhood education.
Challenging the normative paradigm that school readiness is a
positive and necessary objective for all young children, this book
asserts that the concept is a deficit-based practice that fosters
the continuation of discriminatory classifications. Tager draws on
findings of a qualitative study to reveal how the neoliberal agenda
of school reform based on high-stakes testing sorts and labels
children as non-ready, affecting their overall schooling careers.
Tager reflects critically on the relationship between race and
school readiness, showing how the resulting exclusionary measures
perpetuate the marginalization of low-income Black children from an
early age. Disrupting expected notions of readiness is imperative
to ending practices of structural classism and racism in early
childhood education.
After decades of research most scholars generally agree that
language acquisition is a complex and multifaceted process that
involves the interaction of innate biologically-based mechanisms
devoted to language, other non-linguistic cognitive and social
mechanisms, linguistic input, and information about the social and
physical world. Theoretical work in the field of language
acquisition now needs to focus in greater depth and detail on some
specific aspects of this general model, which is the main goal of
this book. The chapters in this volume provide some new insights
into one of the most remarkable accomplishments achieved by almost
all children. The particular questions that are raised by
contributors include: * What kinds of constraints operate on the
process of language development? * Which aspects of the acquisition
process depend on language-specific mechanisms? * Are there
critical brain structures necessary for the acquisition of
language? * What role do cognitive and social mechanisms play in
language development? * How critical is perceptual input about the
physical and social world? * What is the specific role played by
linguistic input in the child's construction of a linguistic
system? Questions are addressed from the perspective of children
who come to the task of acquiring language with many hurdles to
overcome, including deafness and blindness, mental retardation,
autism, and prenatal or perinatal brain damage involving the left
hemisphere. Each section contributes some insight on how an innate
language-specific biological substrate interacts with cognitive and
social factors, as well as external information, to support the
child's construction of a linguistic system. Studies of atypical
children offer a singular contribution to this enterprise by
allowing us to see the specific influences of each component, and
in turn, they shed new light on how all children are able to
acquire language so effortlessly and during such a brief period of
development.
After decades of research most scholars generally agree that
language acquisition is a complex and multifaceted process that
involves the interaction of innate biologically-based mechanisms
devoted to language, other non-linguistic cognitive and social
mechanisms, linguistic input, and information about the social and
physical world. Theoretical work in the field of language
acquisition now needs to focus in greater depth and detail on some
specific aspects of this general model, which is the main goal of
this book. The chapters in this volume provide some new insights
into one of the most remarkable accomplishments achieved by almost
all children.
The particular questions that are raised by contributors include:
* What kinds of constraints operate on the process of language
development?
* Which aspects of the acquisition process depend on
language-specific mechanisms?
* Are there critical brain structures necessary for the
acquisition of language?
* What role do cognitive and social mechanisms play in language
development?
* How critical is perceptual input about the physical and social
world?
* What is the specific role played by linguistic input in the
child's construction of a linguistic system?
Questions are addressed from the perspective of children who come
to the task of acquiring language with many hurdles to overcome,
including deafness and blindness, mental retardation, autism, and
prenatal or perinatal brain damage involving the left hemisphere.
Each section contributes some insight on how an innate
language-specific biological substrate interacts with cognitive and
social factors, as well as external information, to support the
child's construction of a linguistic system. Studies of atypical
children offer a singular contribution to this enterprise by
allowing us to see the specific influences of each component, and
in turn, they shed new light on how all children are able to
acquire language so effortlessly and during such a brief period of
development.
Rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular
mechanisms of cell growth and oncogenesis during the past decade.
This book comprises recent results on the regulation of cell growth
in normal and neoplastic tissues by growth factors including
hormones, and by the activation and inactivation of oncogenes and
tumor suppressor genes, respectively. Special attention has been
given to the presentation of the frequently neglected close
correlation between changes in signal transduction and metabolism
pathways during oncogenesis.
Adenine Nucleotides play a major role in cellular metabolism and
functions, serving as high-potential phosphate transfer compounds
in energy metabolism and as substrates and co-factors for proteins
involved in signal transduction. During the last few years definite
advancement has been made in elucidating the molecular and genetic
aspects of the enzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation, the
so-called FoFl H~-ATP synthase. Non-invasive NMR technologies have
been developed to monitor in vivo the energy level of tissues based
on determination of the concentrations of adenine nucleotides,
phosphate and phosphate esters. Thus it became clear that the
capacity of oxidative phosphorylation adapts itself to the ATP
demand which changes continuously with the physiological state in
various tissues. This is achieved by regulation of the enzyme
activity as well as by regulation of its biogenesis. The reversible
phosphorylation of proteins is re- cognised as a major regulatory
mechanism in eukaryotic as well as in prokaryotic cells for
cellular signal transduction and control of gene expression, cell
growth, differentation and oncogenesis. The same applies to the
role played by cAMP. A further topic of growing interest concerns
the discovery of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of
transport proteins which includes systems of primary importance in
medicine such as the multi-drug resistance P glycoprotein, the
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the
70 kd peroxisomal membrane protein. Finally, much attention is
being devoted in many laboratories to the molecular structure and
role of ATP- modulated channels.
This book consists of a series of reviews on selected topics within
the rapidly and vastly expanding field of membrane biology. Its aim
is to highlight the most significant and important advances that
have been made in recent years in understanding the structure,
dynamics, and functions of cell membranes. The progress that is
being made in research in this field is due to the application of
integrated experimental ap- proaches, utilizing sophisticated and
novel techniques in molecular biology, cell biology, biophysics and
biochemistry. Due to the advances made, many problems have been or
are being solved at the molecular level. With the help of an
Editorial Advisory Board consisting of Jean-Pierre Changeux
(Paris), Paolo Comoglio (Torino), Rainer Jaenicke (Regens- burg),
Sten Orrenius (Stockholm), Lorenzo Pinna (Padova), Konrad Sandhoff
(Bonn), and Gottfried Schatz (Basel), we have selected a number of
topics in areas in which progress has been particularly rapid, and
have invited internationally acknowledged experts in the field to
review these topics. The areas covered in this monograph are: 1)
Signal transduction; 2) Membrane traffic: Proteins and lipids; 3)
Bioenergetics: Energy transfer and membrane transport; 4) Cellular
ion homeostasis; 5) Growth factors and adhesion molecules; 6)
Structural analysis of mem- brane proteins; and 7) Membranes and
disease.
Every year, the Federation of European Biochemical Societies
sponsors a series of Advanced Courses designed to acquaint
postgraduate students and young postdoctoral fellows with
theoretical and practical aspects of topics of current interest in
biochemistry, particularly within areas in which significant
advances are being made. This volume contains the Proceedings of
FEBS Advanced Course No. 88-02 held in Bari, Italy on the topic
"Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells: Molecular Structure and
Interactions. " It was a deliberate decision of the organizers not
to restrict FEBS Advanced Course 88-02 to a discussion of a single
organelle or a single aspect but to cover a broad area. One of the
objectives of the course was to compare different organelles in
order to allow the participants to discern recurrent themes which
would illustrate that a basic unity exists in spite of the
diversity. A second objective of the course was to acquaint the
participants with the latest experimental approaches being used by
in vestigators to study different organelles; this would illustrate
that methodologies developed for studying the biogenesis of the
structure-function relationships in one organelle can often be
applied fruitfully to investi gate such aspects in other
organelles. A third objective was to impress upon the participants
that a study of the interaction between different organelles is
intrinsic to understanding their physiological functions. This
volume is divided into five sections. Part I is entitled "Structure
and Organization of Intracellular Organelles."
Membrane research holds a central position in cell and molecular
biology. In recent years it has become clear that the study of
membranes at the molecular level is of great importance not only to
decipher all cellular processes but also to understand the
alterations leading to abnormal cells (including cancer cells)
and/or to understand the action of various drugs. This book covers
the multidisciplinary approach of research in this area and the
permanent need for information regarding recent advances. It will
serve both workers studying basic aspects of membrane structure and
function as well as medically oriented scientists. The selection of
topics illustrating interconnections between basic and applied
membrane biology will cross-fertilize research in both groups.
Technology segregation is an ongoing practice within early
childhood programs in the United States. This research, which
includes two qualitative studies in the Northeast, reveals that
school segregation and technology segregation are one in the same.
Utilizing critical race theory, as the theoretical framework, this
research finds that young Black children are denied technological
access directly affecting their learning trajectories. PTO
fundraising and other monetary donations to public schools vary by
district and neighborhood and are based on segregation. Therefore,
structural racism flourishes within these early childhood programs
as black students are excluded from another important content area
and practice. This book defines the problem of technology
segregation in terms of policy, racial hierarchies, funding,
residential segregation, and the digital divide. It challenges the
racist framework and reveals disruptions (strategies) to counter
this deficit discourse based on white supremacy.
Over the last several years the field of humanized mice has matured
and developed into an essential component of translational research
for HIV/AIDS. Humanized mice serve both as vehicles for discovery
and as highly sophisticated platforms for biomedical research. In
addition, humanized mice have demonstrated outstanding potential
for the investigation of critical aspects of the infection and
pathogenesis of the hepatitis and herpes viruses, as well as highly
relevant microbial infections such as tuberculosis and malaria.
Humanized Mice for HIV Research provides a comprehensive
presentation of the history, evolution, applications, and current
state of the art of this unique animal model. An expansion of
twelve review articles that were published in Humanized Mice by
Springer in 2008 (Eds: Nomura T, Watanabe T, Habu S), this book
expertly captures the outstanding progress that has been made in
the development, improvement, implementation, and validation of
humanized mouse models. The first two parts of this book cover the
basics of human-to-mouse xenotransplantation biology, and provide
critical information about human immune cell development and
function based on individual models created from different
immunodeficient strains of mice. The third and fourth parts
investigate HIV-1 biology, including different routes of
transmission, prevention, treatment, pathogenesis, and the
development of adaptive immunity in humanized mice. The fifth part
shows the broad applicability of humanized mice for therapeutic
development, from long-acting antiretroviral combinations to
genetic manipulations with human cells and cell-based approaches.
The sixth part includes liver tissue engineering and the expansion
of humanized mice for many other human cell-tropic pathogens.
This book comprises 26 exciting chapters by internationally
renowned scholars, addressing the central psychological process
separating humans from other animals: the ability to imagine the
thoughts and feelings of others, and to reflect on the contents of
our own mindsa theory of mind (ToM). The four sections of the book
cover developmental, cultural, and neurobiological approaches to
ToM across different populations and species. The chapters explore
the earliest stages of development of ToM in infancy, and how
plastic ToM learning is; why 3-year-olds typically fail false
belief tasks and how ToM continues to develop beyond childhood into
adulthood; the debate between simulation theory and theory theory;
cross-cultural perspectives on ToM and how ToM develops differently
in deaf children; how we use our ToM when we make moral judgments,
and the link between emotional intelligence and ToM; the neural
basis of ToM measured by evoked response potentials, functional
magnetic resonance imaging, and studies of brain damage; emotional
vs. cognitive empathy in neuropsychiatric conditions such as
autism, schizophrenia, and psychopathy; the concept of self in
autism and teaching methods targeting ToM deficits; the
relationship between empathy, the pain matrix and the mirror neuron
system; the role of oxytocin and fetal testosterone in mentalizing
and empathy; the heritability of empathy and candidate single
nucleotide polymorphisms associated with empathy; and ToM in
non-human primates. These 26 chapters represent a masterly overview
of a field that has deepened since the first edition was published
in 1993.
A Contribution To The History Of The Political Reaction During The
Last Years Of Russian Czarism.
A Contribution To The History Of The Political Reaction During The
Last Years Of Russian Czarism.
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