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Introduction and Perspectives This volume is based on the
proceedings of the 7th annual symposium on the topic Neuroimmune
Circuits, Infectious Diseases and Drugs of Abuse, Bethesda,
Maryland, Oc- ber 7-9, 1999. This symposium, as in the past,
focused on newer knowledge concerning the relationship between the
immune and nervous systems with regards to the effects of drugs of
abuse and infections, including AIDS, caused by the
immunodeficiency virus. Presentations discussed the brain-immune
axis from the viewpoint of drugs of abuse rather than from the
subject of the brain or immunity alone. The major aim of this
series of conferences has been to clarify the consequences of
immunomodulation induced by drugs of abuse in regards to
susceptibility and pathogenesis of infectious diseases, both in man
and in various animal model systems. The recreational use of drugs
of abuse such as morphine, cocaine, and marijuana by large numbers
of individuals in this country and around the world has continued
to arouse serious concerns about the consequences of use of such
drugs, especially on the normal physiological responses of an
individual, including immune responses. Much of the recent data
accumulated by investigators show that drugs of abuse, especially
opioids and cannabinoids, markedly alter immune responses in human
populations as well as in experimental animals, both in vivo and in
vitro.
This volume is based on the Proceedings of the International
Conference on "Microbial Infections: Role of Biological Response
Modifiers" held in Tampa, FL, May 29-31, 1991. The major purpose of
this conference was to bring together in one forum prominent
investigators from around the world studying a variety of microbial
pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and the effects
of biological response modifiers (BRM) on the immune response to
these microorganisms. BRM have been widely utilized in the area of
antitumor resistance and include not only experimental tumor cell
vaccines, but also biologically active substances such as
cytokines, i. e., interferons, tumor necrosis factor, and
interleukins, as well as products from bacteria which influence
host resistance mechanisms. It is the belief of the organizers of
this Conference that it was very timely to discuss in detail BRMs
as they impact on microbial infections per se. It is now widely
accepted that immunocompromised individuals, including those
exposed to immunosuppressive substances such as antimetabolites
used for chemothera py of malignancies, or infectious agents, such
as the human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses which depress
the immune response and, in turn, affect a host so as to become
highly susceptible to opportunistic microorganisms, benefit from
BRM stimulation of their immune system. A wide variety of
immunomodulators are now being studied in terms of treating
infectious diseases, as well as malignancy and autoimmune
diseases."
This volume is based on the program of the International Conference
on Drugs of Abuse, Immunity and Immunodeficiency held in Clearwater
Beach, Florida. It was sponsored by the University of South Florida
College of Medicine with the support of the National Institute on
Drug Abuse. During the past few decades, drugs of abuse, including
marijuana, cocaine, opiates and alcohol, have been studied by
biomedical scientists in terms of the systemic effects of the drugs
as well as alterations in neurophysiology and the psychology. More
recently, the scope of such investigations has been broadened to
include alterations within the immune system, and the influence of
altered immunity on physiological and psychological consequences of
drug abuse. In this regard, participants in the Clearwater Beach
conference provided new information concern ing both basic and
clinical aspects of drugs of abuse and immunity, especially
immunodeficiency. Advances have been made in recent years in
understanding the nature and mechanisms regulating the immune
response and the mechanisms by which drugs may influence immune
responses. In particular, the emergence of psychoneuroimmunology as
a new discipline has heightened interest in immune responses
influenced by psychoactive drugs. This has resulted in
interdisciplinary investigations involving clinical and basic
scientists including microbiologists, immu nologists,
physiologists, psychiatrists, oncologists and others. The
recreational use of the above mentioned drugs by large numbers of
individuals has aroused serious concern about the consequences of
this activity.
The use of recreational drugs of abuse by large numbers of
individuals in this country and abroad has aroused serious concerns
about the consequences of this activity. For example, it is
recognized that marijuana is currently widely used as a
recreational drug in the United States as well as other countries.
Similarly, abuse of cocaine, especially crack cocaine, is
considered to be an epidemic. "The war on drugs" by the US
Government was directly aimed at the illicit use of cocaine,
marijuana, and opiates as well as other drugs of abuse.
Furthermore, alcohol is also considered a major problem of abuse in
this country as well as in many other countries. It is estimated
there are at least 10 million alcoholics in the United States
alone. A signi?cant portion of those hospitalized with infectious
diseases are alcoholics. Similarly, there have been many reports of
association between marijuana use and increased susceptibility to
infection as well as a re- tion between use of opiates and
infections. The relationship between drug abuse and increased
incidence of various infections has stimulated increased investi-
tion of whether and how such drugs affect immune function,
especially imp- tant for resistance against infectious agents.
During the last decades, a wide variety of studies have shown that
drugs of abuse, including marijuana, cocaine, or opiates, as well
as alcohol, alter both neurophysiological as well as pathological
responses of individuals.
The use of recreational drugs of abuse by large numbers of
individuals in this country and abroad has aroused serious concerns
about the consequences of this activity. For example, it is
recognized that marijuana is currently widely used as a
recreational drug in the United States as well as other countries.
Similarly, abuse of cocaine, especially crack cocaine, is
considered to be an epidemic. "The war on drugs" by the US
Government was directly aimed at the illicit use of cocaine,
marijuana, and opiates as well as other drugs of abuse.
Furthermore, alcohol is also considered a major problem of abuse in
this country as well as in many other countries. It is estimated
there are at least 10 million alcoholics in the United States
alone. A signi?cant portion of those hospitalized with infectious
diseases are alcoholics. Similarly, there have been many reports of
association between marijuana use and increased susceptibility to
infection as well as a re- tion between use of opiates and
infections. The relationship between drug abuse and increased
incidence of various infections has stimulated increased investi-
tion of whether and how such drugs affect immune function,
especially imp- tant for resistance against infectious agents.
During the last decades, a wide variety of studies have shown that
drugs of abuse, including marijuana, cocaine, or opiates, as well
as alcohol, alter both neurophysiological as well as pathological
responses of individuals.
This volume focuses on the relationship between the nervous and the
immune system with regard to the effects of drugs of abuse and
infections, including infection caused by the immunodeficiency
virus which causes AIDS, the number one health problem worldwide.
Chapters focus on the brain-immune axis, detailing the effects of
drugs of abuse. It is well known that recreational drugs of abuse
such as morphine, cocaine, and marijuana, as well as other drugs,
including the legal drugs alcohol and nicotine, are used by large
numbers of individuals. Serious concerns have been raised about the
consequences of using such drugs, especially in relation to their
effects on normal physiological responses, including immune
mechanisms. It is now widely recognized not only that many drugs of
abuse have serious consequences on normal parameters of neurologic
and neuroendocrine systems in general but also that effects on
those systems, in turn, may affect indirectly immunity and also
directly affect immune systems. Much data has now been accumulated
showing that drugs of abuse markedly alter the immune response in
human populations as well as in experimental animals, both in vivo
and in vitro. Furthermore, studies on microbial infections have
shown that many drugs of abuse are associated with increased
susceptibility to infectious diseases, especially opportunistic
intracellular microorganisms, including viruses such as HIV which
causes AIDS. The mechanisms whereby drugs of abuse increase the
likelihood of infections by opportunistic microorganisms in humans
as well as in experimental animals are delineated. This volume will
further the understanding of the impact of drugs of abuse on the
brain-immuneaxis and its relationship to immunomodulation and
infection, especially that caused by the AIDS virus.
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