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This volume highlights some recent developments on plants used
widely as botanical dietary supplements and herbal medicines,
especially in terms of knowledge of the chemical types and diverse
biological activities of their constituents, as well as laboratory
approaches for their quality control and taxonomic identification.
In the first chapter, the biologically active secondary metabolites
are described of selected botanicals that have a wide current use
in the United States, with recent information provided also on
their in vitro and in vivo biological activities. The second
chapter constitutes an updated survey of the different
chromatographic, spectroscopic, and metabolomics techniques that
can be utilized for the quality control of botanical products. The
penultimate chapter covers different nomenclatural systems that are
of use for the taxonomic identification of source plants used in
botanical products. Finally, deoxyribonucleic acid molecular
barcoding techniques for the identification for plants used as
dietary supplements are covered.
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents
naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total
number — from fewer than 25 in 1968 — to approximately 8,000
compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain
chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still,
fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals,
bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms
(plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal
abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events),
organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified
extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to
chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation,
biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
This volume consists of four chapters that cover a structurally
diverse range of naturally occurring compounds. Chapter 1 delves
into the chemistry of pyrogallols and their oxidized products, the
hydroxy-o-quinones, including their role in cycloaddition reactions
in the chemical synthesis of several fungal metabolites. Chapter 2
provides an in-depth description of the constituents of agarwood
essential oil and smoke samples that are used in the perfumery
industry, with an emphasis on the sesquiterpenoid and chromones
constituents so far known. Chapter 3 discusses the defensive
chemical ecology of two North American newt species that both
produce tetrodotoxin, a well-known neurotoxin that causes paralysis
and death in metazoans by disrupting electrical signals in the
nerves and muscles. Chapter 4 discusses the limonoids and
triterpenoids from the genus Walsura of the plant family Meliaceae,
of which a number of species are utilized in several
southeastern Asian countries in systems of folk medicine.
This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows with
a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of
the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment, and then describes
quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical
use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents
based on quinine's structure. It also covers the discovery of
artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective
current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and
biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and
resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used
antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of
additional natural products with significant antiplasmodial
activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new
antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library
is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs.
This book thus ends by identifying ten natural products with
development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
This volume describes several highly diverse subjects: Chapter 1
explores marine biodiscovery of the North-eastern Atlantic off the
coast of Ireland as a model for best practice in research. The
second chapter investigates Brazilian Chemical Ecology and examples
of insect-plant communication studies that are mediated by natural
products demonstrate the beautiful interconnectedness of species in
a biome. Our third chapter comprises the advances in the science of
the sesquiterpene quinone, perezone, which in 1852 was the first
natural product isolated in crystalline form in the New World. The
last two chapters are from a Vietnamese group and the first of
these follows the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and ethnomedical
uses of the genus Xanthium, which produces interesting sulfur and
nitrogen containing natural products. Finally, the genus Desmos is
discussed, where an overview of its constituent natural products
and their in vitro pharmacological potential is described.
This volume consists of four chapters that cover a structurally
diverse range of naturally occurring compounds. Chapter 1 delves
into the chemistry of pyrogallols and their oxidized products, the
hydroxy-o-quinones, including their role in cycloaddition reactions
in the chemical synthesis of several fungal metabolites. Chapter 2
provides an in-depth description of the constituents of agarwood
essential oil and smoke samples that are used in the perfumery
industry, with an emphasis on the sesquiterpenoid and chromones
constituents so far known. Chapter 3 discusses the defensive
chemical ecology of two North American newt species that both
produce tetrodotoxin, a well-known neurotoxin that causes paralysis
and death in metazoans by disrupting electrical signals in the
nerves and muscles. Chapter 4 discusses the limonoids and
triterpenoids from the genus Walsura of the plant family Meliaceae,
of which a number of species are utilized in several southeastern
Asian countries in systems of folk medicine.
This book describes current understandings and recent progress into
a varied group of natural products. In the first chapter the role
that total synthesis may play in revising the structures proposed
for decanolides, which are ten-membered lactones found primarily in
fungi, frogs, and termites is presented. The following chapter
presents the development of the intriguing plant-derived
sesquiterpene lactone, thapsigargin, a potent inhibitor of the
enzyme, SERCA (sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase), which has potential
as a lead compound to treat cancer. The third chapter covers the
potential of various plant phenolic compounds for treating the
tropical and sub-tropical infectious disease, leishmaniasis. In
addition the volume presents recent advances related to the plant
alkaloid, cryptolepine, which is of particular interest as a lead
for the treatment of malaria, trypanosomiasis, and cancer.
This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows with
a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of
the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment, and then describes
quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical
use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents
based on quinine's structure. It also covers the discovery of
artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective
current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and
biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and
resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used
antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of
additional natural products with significant antiplasmodial
activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new
antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library
is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs.
This book thus ends by identifying ten natural products with
development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
This volume describes several highly diverse subjects: Chapter 1
explores marine biodiscovery of the North-eastern Atlantic off the
coast of Ireland as a model for best practice in research. The
second chapter investigates Brazilian Chemical Ecology and examples
of insect-plant communication studies that are mediated by natural
products demonstrate the beautiful interconnectedness of species in
a biome. Our third chapter comprises the advances in the science of
the sesquiterpene quinone, perezone, which in 1852 was the first
natural product isolated in crystalline form in the New World. The
last two chapters are from a Vietnamese group and the first of
these follows the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and ethnomedical
uses of the genus Xanthium, which produces interesting sulfur and
nitrogen containing natural products. Finally, the genus Desmos is
discussed, where an overview of its constituent natural products
and their in vitro pharmacological potential is described.
This book describes current understandings and recent progress into
a varied group of natural products. In the first chapter the role
that total synthesis may play in revising the structures proposed
for decanolides, which are ten-membered lactones found primarily in
fungi, frogs, and termites is presented. The following chapter
presents the development of the intriguing plant-derived
sesquiterpene lactone, thapsigargin, a potent inhibitor of the
enzyme, SERCA (sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase), which has potential
as a lead compound to treat cancer. The third chapter covers the
potential of various plant phenolic compounds for treating the
tropical and sub-tropical infectious disease, leishmaniasis. In
addition the volume presents recent advances related to the plant
alkaloid, cryptolepine, which is of particular interest as a lead
for the treatment of malaria, trypanosomiasis, and cancer.
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